For Marxists, socialism or, as Marx termed it, the first phase of communist society, can be viewed as a transitional stage characterized by common or state ownership of the means of production under democratic workers ' control and management, which Engels argued was beginning to be realised in the Paris Commune of 1871, before it was overthrown.

Both praised and critiqued by disciples of the growing Marxist philosophy during the 19th century, Weitling was characterized as a " utopian socialist " by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, although Engels also referred to Weitling as the " founder of German communism ".

When Louis Bonaparte carried out a coup against the French government and made himself president for life on December 2, 1851, Marx and Engels, like many people, were shocked.

In condemning this action, Engels wrote to Marx about the coup on December 3, 1851.

Marx himself had talked about the " materialist conception of history ", which was later referred to as " historical materialism " by Engels.

He also bestowed nicknames and pseudonyms on his friends and family as well, referring to Friedrich Engels as ' General ', his housekeeper Helene as ' Lenchen ' or ' Nym ', while one of his daughters, Jennychen, was referred to as ' Qui Qui, Emperor of China ' and another, Laura, was known as ' Kakadou ' or ' the Hottentot '.

However, another strand of Engels ’ s personality was one of a " gregarious ", " bighearted ", and " jovial man of outsize appetites ", who was referred to by his son-in-law as " the great beheader of champagne bottles.

" She went on to note however that " Childe's Marxism frequently differed from contemporary ' orthodox ' Marxism ; partly because he had studied Hegel, Marx and Engels as far back as 1913 and still referred to the original texts rather than later interpretations, and partly because he was selective in his acceptance of their writings.

He often referred to the spirit of Engels ' remark that " on the eve of the revolution all the forces of reaction will be against us under the banner of ' pure democracy ".

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referred to all socialist ideas that were simply a vision and distant goal for society as utopian.

The triad is often said to have been extended and adopted by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, however, Marx referred to them in The Poverty of Philosophy as speaking Greek and " Wooden trichotomies ".

Marx and Engels ' thought was then codified into " dialectical materialism ", which is what is usually referred to when speaking of a " Marxist philosophy of nature ".

That was manifestly not Marx's view ; already in his Grundrisse manuscript he had referred to a balance sheet cited by Malthus ; in Das Kapital he attempted to calculate the rate of surplus value according to data provided by Frederick Engels ; and towards the end of his life, as Leontief noted, he wrote that he wanted to study the " ups and downs " of economic activity mathematically ( but Samuel Moore convinced him that the data to do it did not exist yet ).

According to the famous Theses on Feuerbach ( 1845 ), philosophy had to stop " interpreting " the world in endless metaphysical debates, in order to start " changing " the world, as was being done by the rising workers ' movement observed by Engels in England ( Chartist movement ) and by Marx in France and Germany.

Marx and Engels interchanged numerous letters on war and military science and Engels wrote about several military topics.

( critical account which focusses on incoherencies in the thought of Marx, Engels and Lenin )

He met Engels in Paris, and the two men worked together on a series of books.

It was in Paris that, on 28 August 1844, Marx met German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de la Régence after becoming interested in the ideas that the latter had expressed in articles written for the Rheinische Zeitung and the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

First published on 21 February 1848, it laid out the beliefs of the Communist League, a group who had come increasingly under the influence of Marx and Engels, who argued that the League must make their aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding them as they had formerly been doing.

Marx's tombstone bears the carved message: " WORKERS OF ALL LANDS UNITE ", the final line of The Communist Manifesto, and from the 11th Thesis on Feuerbach ( edited by Engels ): " The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways — the point however is to change it ".

In the most influential of all economic theories on socialist thought, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that socialism would emerge out of historical necessity as capitalism rendered itself obsolete and unsustainable from increasing internal contradictions emerging from the development of the productive forces and technology.

Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848, at the time when the Communist Manifesto was published, " socialism was respectable on the continent, while communism was not.

As the ideas of Marx and Engels took on flesh, particularly in central Europe, socialists sought to unite in an international organisation.

* Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write The Communist Manifesto, first published on February 21, 1848.

Additionally, Engels organized Marx's notes on the " Theories of Surplus Value "

Friedrich ( Frederick ) Engels was born on November 28, 1820 in Barmen, Prussia ( now Wuppertal, Germany ).

Throughout his lifetime, Engels would point out that he was indebted to German philosophy because of its effect on his intellectual development.

In the book, Engels gave way to his views on the " grim future of capitalism and the industrial age ", describing in detail, street after street, the total squalor in which the working people lived.

Having left Paris on September 6, 1844, Engels returned to his home in Barmen, Germany, to work on his The Condition of the English Working Class, which was published in late May 1845.

Even before the publication of his book, Engels moved to Brussels in late April 1845, to collaborate with Marx on another book -- German Ideology.

Old friends like Georg Friedrich Herwegh, who had worked with Marx on the Rheinsche Zeitung, Heinrich Heine, the famous poet, a young doctor by the name of Roland Daniels, Heinrich Bürgers and August Herman Ewerbeck all maintained their contacts with Marx and Engels in Brussels.

Frederick Engels ' mother, herself, gives unwitting witness to the effect of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on the revolutionary uprising in Cologne in 1848.

Starting with an article called " The Magyar Struggle ", written on January 8, 1849, Frederick Engels, himself, began a series of reports on the Revolution and War for Independence of the newly founded Hungarian Republic.

Engels ' articles on the Hungarian Republic became a regular feature in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung under the heading: " From the Theater of War.

* Engels house ( Engels-Haus ), 18th century-architecturally typical of the region, it houses a permanent display of materials associated with Friedrich Engels and other famous citizens of Wuppertal

His lectures on the history of the Industrial Revolution in 18th and 19th century Britain proved widely influential ; in fact, Toynbee coined, or at least effectively popularised, the term " Industrial Revolution " in the Anglophone world — in Germany and elsewhere it had been brought into circulation earlier by Friedrich Engels, also under the impression of the industrial changes in Britain.

Indeed, Marx even called the book " The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte " again using Engels ' suggested characterization.

* The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon ( Chapters 1 & 7 translated by Saul K. Padover from the German edition of 1869 ; Chapters 2 through 6 are based on the third edition, prepared by Friedrich Engels ( 1885 ), as translated and published by Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1937.

Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, Marx remained one of its primary writers, accompanied by other fellow members of the Communist League who wrote for the paper, although despite their input it remained, according to Friedrich Engels, " a simple dictatorship by Marx ", who dominated the choice of content.

Modern trade unions and management scientists tend to side strongly with Engels in this debate, and generally agree that decentralization is very closely related to standardisation and subordination, e. g. the standard commodity contracts traded on the commodity markets, in which disputes are resolved all according to a jurisdiction and common regulatory system, within the frame of a larger democratic electoral system which can restore any imbalances of power, and which generally retains the support of the population for its authority.

* Primitive communism, a pre-agrarian form of communism according to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

By 1847, according to Frederick Engels, " Socialism " was " respectable " on the continent of Europe, while " Communism " was the opposite ; the Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered Socialists, while working class movements which " proclaimed the necessity of total social change " termed themselves " Communists ".

In the 1893 elections it gained 1, 787, 000 votes, a quarter of the total votes cast, according to Engels.

Castroism is influenced by many ideologies but particularly the theories of Cuban revolutionary José Martí, and after 1961, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and according to some, fellow 26th of July Movement partner Che Guevara.

In The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels wrote " From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.

This is according to Marx and Engels the ultimate reason for socioeconomic inequality, and why, for thousands of years, all attempts at an egalitarian society failed.