Because of the controversy surrounding Palmerston's removal as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs because of his letter to the French ambassador endorsing Louis Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup, Palmerston could not now be appointed Foreign Minister again so soon after his removal from the same position.

Although many Catholics supported the Italian intervention, they nonetheless remained supporters of the Bourbon monarchy at heart and tended to support anything that would weaken Bonaparte's polictial position.

As an advocate of Catalan independence, and a resolute opponent of Bonaparte's tyranny, Maturin had become involved in intelligence gathering, and eventually becomes a renowned ( to those in a position to know ) secret agent, though he never accepts payment for his services.

Following Napoleon Bonaparte's victories over the Austrian Empire in Northern Italy – helping to secure France victory in the War of the First Coalition in 1797 – Great Britain remained the only major European power still at war with the French Republic.

* 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French General Moreau defeats the Austrian Archduke John near Munich decisively, coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's victory at Marengo effectively forcing the Austrians to sign an armistice and ending the war.

This crushing victory, coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's victory at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800, ended the War of the Second Coalition.

Nevertheless, owing to his final adhesion to Bonaparte's fortunes, he received a Marshal's baton at the beginning of the First French Empire on 19 May 1804.

* The Constitution of the Year XII – Establishes Bonaparte's First Empire.

Cambacérès disapproved of Bonaparte's accumulation of power into his own hands, culminating in the proclamation of the First French Empire on 18 May 1804.

He remained by the side of the First Consul in his former capacity, but in the autumn of 1802 incurred Bonaparte's displeasure, ostensibly because of questionable financial dealings.

It amended the Constitution of the Year VIII, revising the Consulate to augment Napoleon Bonaparte's authority by making him First Consul for Life.

Bonaparte's campaign, therefore, was undoubtedly the most important in bringing an end to the War of the First Coalition.

Barthélemy returned to France after Napoleon Bonaparte's 18 Brumaire coup, entered the Senate in February 1800 and contributed to the establishment of the Consulship for life and the First French Empire.

After Bonaparte's take over and appointment as Consul of France, Lannes was promoted to the ranks of general of division and commandant of the consular guard.

Lebrun was made Third Consul following Napoleon Bonaparte's 18 Brumaire coup in the Year VIII ( 9-10 November 1799 ; see French Consulate ).

As Bonaparte's fleet crossed the Mediterranean, it was pursued by a British force under Nelson, sent from the British fleet in the Tagus, to establish the purpose of the French expedition and defeat it.

Bonaparte's army was trapped in Egypt, and Royal Navy dominance off the Syrian coast contributed significantly to its defeat at the Siege of Acre in 1799, which preceded Bonaparte's return to Europe.

The French Directory agreed with Bonaparte's plans, although a major factor in their decision was a desire to see the politically ambitious Bonaparte and the fiercely loyal veterans of his Italian campaigns as far from France as possible.

Bonaparte's most immediate concern however was with his own officers, who began to question the wisdom of the entire expedition.

David's student Antoine-Jean Gros for example, was made a Baron and honored by Napoleon Bonaparte's court.

Rossini's father was sympathetic to the French Revolution and welcomed Napoleon Bonaparte's troops when they arrived in northern Italy.

Lord Palmerston, who at the time of Louis Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup was serving as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Whig government of Prime Minister Lord John Russell.

This policy was summed up in Bonaparte's often-quoted phrase " La carrière ouverte aux talents ", careers open to the talented, or as more freely translated by Thomas Carlyle, " the tools to him that can handle them ".

Oscar's mother was Désirée Clary, Napoleon Bonaparte's first fiancée.

In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon Bonaparte's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom ; a French invasion under General Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured on 8 December 1807.

A concern of Bonaparte's was the possibility of arbitrary arrest, or excessive remand ( imprisonment prior to a trial ).

Engels characterized the coup as " comical " and referred to it as occurring on " the 18th Brumaire "-- the date of the coup according to the 1799 republican calendar of France under Napoleon I. Marx was later to incorporate this comically ironic characterization of Louis Bonaparte's coup into his book about the coup.

Louis Bonaparte's early career was spent in the Army, and he served with Napoleon in Egypt.

Louis Bonaparte's reign of the Netherlands was short-lived, however, which was due to two factors.

Became Prince Royal of Holland on his brother's death, and was King Lodewijk II for five days between his father's abdication and the fall of Holland to Napoleon Bonaparte's invading army.

Louis XVIII was not particularly worried by Bonaparte's excursion, as such small numbers of troops could be easily overcome.

Baroness Jenny von Gustedt, born as Jeromée Catharina Rabe von Pappenheim ( 1811 – 1890 ), one of Jérôme Bonaparte's illegitimate children, was the grandmother of the German Socialist and Feminist writer Lily Braun.

She was Jérôme Bonaparte's second wife, married on 22 August 1807 in the Royal Palace at Fontainebleau, France.

After Bonaparte's death the house was later owned by bootleggers Peter and Michael Kelly.

As president of the Council of Five Hundred — which he removed to the suburban security of Saint-Cloud — Lucien Bonaparte's combination of bravado and disinformation was crucial to the coup d ' état of 18 Brumaire ( date based on the French Revolutionary Calendar ) in which General Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate.

Still Bonaparte's growing popularity in France meant that the bill of impeachment was defeated on 12 June 1849.

Prince Eugène was adopted by Napoleon on 12 January 1806 ; while excluded from the French empire's succession, he was given presumptive rights for him and his descendants in the male line to the throne of Italy in the absence of a second son of Napoleon on 16 February 1806, and hence on 20 December 1807 given the title of Prince de Venise (' Prince of Venice '), which had been instituted by article 9 of the decree of 30 March 1806 ( when the former Austrian province of Venice was united to Bonaparte's kingdom of Italy ) for the Heir Presumptive to Napoleon in Italy.

In 1799, British ships harassed Bonaparte's army as it marched east and north through Palestine, and played a crucial part in Bonaparte's defeat at the Siege of Acre, when the barges carrying the siege train were captured and the French storming parties were bombarded by British ships anchored offshore.

David had been an admirer of Napoleon from their first meeting, struck by the then-General Bonaparte's classical features.

** Battle of Almonacid de Toledo: A poorly led Spanish army is defeated by King Joseph Bonaparte's French army.

In 1797 he brought reinforcements from the Rhine to Bonaparte's army in Italy, distinguishing himself greatly at the passage of the Tagliamento, and in 1798 served as ambassador to Vienna, but had to quit his post owing to the disturbances caused by his hoisting the tricolour over the embassy.

Importantly, Bonaparte's reign over Europe sowed the seeds for the founding of the nation-states of Germany and Italy by starting the process of consolidating city-states, kingdoms and principalities.

The first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the ambulances volantes designed by Dominique Jean Larrey ( 1766 – 1842 ), Napoleon Bonaparte's chief physician.

Pitt has been alleged to have been behind assassination attempts on Bonaparte's life by Cadoudal and Pichegru.

After Bonaparte's fall, Marengo County, Alabama, first settled by Napoleonic refugees with their Vine and Olive Colony, was named in honour of this battle.

In 1812 Czar Alexander I was able to render Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Russia useless by utilizing a scorched-earth retreat method, similar to that made by the Portuguese.

After 18 Brumaire, Sieyès produced the constitution which he had long been planning, only to have it completely remodelled by Bonaparte, who thereby achieved a coup within a coup – Bonaparte's Constitution of the Year VIII became the basis of the French Consulate.

The endless conspiracies against Bonaparte's life began to raise concerns that the Republic would collapse shortly following his death, followed by either the Bourbons restored, a military dictatorship, or the Jacobins with their guillotine.

The magnificent collection of 200 paintings includes 83 which were acquired by the first Duke after the Battle of Vitoria in 1813, the paintings were in Joseph Bonaparte's baggage train, they were from the Spanish royal collection and were presented to Wellington by King Ferdinand VII of Spain.

After Napoleon Bonaparte's 18 Brumaire coup, he refused the pardon offered by the French Consulate.