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Botulinum toxin B, or Myobloc, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat cervical dystonia due to level A evidential support by the scientific community.
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Botulinum and toxin
; Botulinum toxin: Botulinum toxin is one of the deadliest toxins known, and is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
Therapy for nervous system disorders includes clean intermittent self-catheterization of the bladder, anticholinergic drugs, injection of Botulinum toxin into the bladder wall and advanced and less commonly used therapies such as sacral neuromodulation.
Vulture stomach acid is exceptionally corrosive, allowing them to safely digest putrid carcasses infected with Botulinum toxin, hog cholera, and anthrax bacteria that would be lethal to other scavengers.
Botulinum toxin can be detected by a variety of techniques, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ( ELISAs ), electrochemiluminescent ( ECL ) tests and mouse inoculation or feeding trials.
hu: Botulinum toxin
# redirect Botulinum toxin
:* Dissemination: Aerosolization in Tokyo ( B. anthracis and Botulinum toxin )
Botulinum toxin A injections are given into muscles that are spastic or sometimes dystonic, the aim being to reduce the muscle hypertonus that can be painful.
Botulinum toxin is focal treatment meaning that a limited number of muscles can be injected at the same time.
Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) can lessen bruxism's effects.
Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) may be injected into the lower esophageal sphincter to paralyze the muscles holding it shut.
The LD < sub > 50 </ sub > of this toxin has been measured to be approximately 1 ng / kg, making it second only to Botulinum toxin D as the deadliest toxin in the world.
Botulinum toxin injections in the parotid glands may help with sialorrhea.
# REDIRECT Botulinum toxin
# REDIRECT Botulinum toxin
TREATMENT: Botulinum toxin has been used to inhibit the spastic contractions of the affected muscles.
Botulinum toxin is a treatment trialled by some people with tension-type headache, though results are varied.
* Botulinum toxin, the most potent neurotoxin known
# REDIRECT Botulinum toxin
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
Botulinum and B
Trivalent ( A, B, E ) Botulinum Antitoxin is derived from equine sources utilizing whole antibodies ( Fab & Fc portions ).
The second antitoxin is heptavalent ( A, B, C, D, E, F, G ) Botulinum Antitoxin which is derived from " despeciated " equine IgG antibodies which have had the Fc portion cleaved off leaving the F ( ab ') 2 portions.
Solstice Neurosciences, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of US WorldMeds, LLC sells their product under the names Myobloc or Neurobloc, although it contains Botulinum Toxin Type B, not the common Type A found in Botox.
Botulinum and has
Botulinum toxin type A to paralyze the common extensor origin chronic tennis elbow that has not improved with conservative measures.
Botulinum and by
Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles.
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin and it relaxes the muscle by preventing the release of a neurotransmitter ( acetylcholine ).
Botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum is the most powerful toxic protein.
Botulinum toxin type A ( BTX-A ) is best known by its trade name, Botox.
Botulinum and US
On 1 June 2006 the US Department of Health and Human Services awarded a $ 363 million contract with Cangene Corporation for 200, 000 doses of Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin over five years for delivery into the Strategic National Stockpile beginning in 2007.
Botulinum and treat
Botulinum toxin injection in affected muscles can successfully treat tics ; involuntary movements and vocalizations can be reduced, as well as life-threatening tics that have the potential of causing compressive myelopathy or radiculopathy.
Botulinum and .
There are two primary Botulinum Antitoxins available for treatment of wound and foodborne botulism.
Neurotoxins such as Botulinum in the food might affect peripheral nerves, but the blood – brain barrier can often prevent such toxins from reaching the central nervous system, where they could cause serious or fatal damage.
Botox-short for Botulinum Toxin Av-binds nerve endings and prevents the release of neurotransmitters that activate muscles.
Drugs used include: Botulinum toxin ( BTX ), Phenol, alcohol, and Lidocaine.
toxin and B
Toxins that can be used as weapons include ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, botulinum toxin, saxitoxin, and many mycotoxins.
The cholera toxin ( CTX or CT ) is an oligomeric complex made up of six protein subunits: a single copy of the A subunit ( part A ), and five copies of the B subunit ( part B ), connected by a disulfide bond.
Clostridium botulinum producing B and F toxin types have been isolated from human botulism cases in New Mexico and California.
The toxin type has been designated Bf as the type B toxin was found in excess to the type F. Similarly, strains producing Ab and Af toxins have been reported.
The " gold standard " for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using Real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).
Diphtheria toxin is a single, 60, 000 molecular weight protein composed of two peptide chains, fragment A and fragment B, held together by a disulfide bond.
Fragment B is a recognition subunit that gains the toxin entry into the host cell by binding to the EGF-like domain of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor ( HB-EGF ) on the cell surface.
Inside the endosome, the toxin is split by a trypsin-like protease into its individual A and B fragments.
The toxin from B. thuringiensis ( Bt toxin ) has been incorporated directly into plants through the use of genetic engineering.
Ricin toxin A chain and ricin toxin B chain are of similar molecular weight, approximately 32 kDA and 34 kDA respectively.
For most adults and adolescents, who often do not seek medical care until several weeks into their illness, serology may be used to determine whether antibody against pertussis toxin or another component of B. pertussis is present at high levels in the blood of the patient.
* Orbital A. Ocular venous drainage block: central retinal venous block, cavernous sinus trombosis B. Local lesion: optic neuritis, ischemia of the nerve head, toxin ( methanol ), infiltration of the disc by glioma, sarcoidosis and lymphoma
Besides, cirrhosis is commonly caused by alcoholism, chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. The toxin aflatoxin from certain Aspergillus species of fungus is a carcinogen and aids carcinogenesis of hepatocellular cancer by building up in the liver.
The toxin abrin is a dimer consisting of two protein subunits, termed A and B.
The B chain facilitates abrin's entry into a cell by bonding to certain transport proteins on cell membranes, which then transport the toxin into the cell.
* Cholera toxin B
The most well-characterized are enterotoxin ( Clostridium difficile toxin A ) and cytotoxin ( Clostridium difficile toxin B ), both of which are responsible for the diarrhea and inflammation seen in infected patients, although their relative contributions have been debated.
Clostridium difficile toxin B ( cytotoxin ) induces actin depolymerization by a mechanism correlated with a decrease in the ADP-ribosylation of the low molecular mass GTP-binding Rho proteins.
Assessment of the A and B toxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) for toxin A or B ( or both ) has a sensitivity of 63 – 99 % and a specificity of 93 – 100 %: At a prevalence of 15 %, this leads to a positive predictive value ( PPV ) of 73 % and a negative predictive value ( NPV ) of 96 %.
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