To the president's dismay, Brüning had to rely on his own Centre Party, the only party that fully supported him, and the toleration of the Social Democrats.

After the huge success of the Nazi Party in the 1930 elections, the government of Heinrich Brüning ( Centre ) tried to keep the state and constitution alive through a minority government supported by the Social Democrats.

From 1930 onwards, Kaas loyally supported the administration under the Centre's Heinrich Brüning.

To preempt the National Socialist-controlled government's ban, Brüning, yielding to his party's leadership's pressure dissolved the Centre Party on 5 July.

Kaas and Brüning led the Centre Party into opposition to the new Chancellor: party renegade Franz von Papen.

On May 30, 1932, Schleicher ′ s intrigues bore fruit when Hindenburg sacked Brüning as Chancellor and appointed as his successor Franz von Papen.

After the downfall of the Brüning government in 1932, Goerdeler was considered to be a potential Chancellor and was sounded out by General Kurt von Schleicher, who ultimately chose Franz von Papen instead.

Some of the people he had some contact with included Heinrich Brüning, Basil Liddell Hart, Franz von Papen, John Buchan, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, Leon Trotsky, Hans von Seeckt, Max Hoffmann, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Benito Mussolini, Robert Bruce Lockhart, Karl Radek, Sir Robert Gilbert Vansittart, Kurt von Schleicher, Sir Isaiah Berlin, Tomáš Masaryk, Engelbert Dollfuss, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II, Adam von Trott zu Solz, Louis Barthou, Lord Lothian, Winston Churchill, and Dr. Edvard Beneš.

However, after this victory Hindenburg increasingly moved towards the political right and at the end of May 1932 was persuaded to dismiss Brüning as Chancellor, replacing him with Franz von Papen ( a renegade of the Centre Party ) and a non-partisan " Cabinet of Barons ".

In 1904, after having returned to Germany he proposed a nationwide merger of the producers of dye and pharmaceuticals in a memorandum to Gustav von Brüning, the senior manager at Hoechst.

Invoking President Paul von Hindenburg's constitutional powers, Brüning established a so-called presidential government, basing his administration's authority on presidential emergency decrees which were instituted without prior consent of the Reichstag.

At the same time Brüning was viciously attacked by the Prussian Junkers, led by Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau, who opposed his policies of distributing land to unemployed workers and denounced him as an " Agro-bolshevik " to Hindenburg.

Eventually, Schleicher, who established a close relationship with Reichspräsident ( Reich President ) Paul von Hindenburg, came into conflict with Brüning and Groener and his intrigues were largely responsible for their fall in May 1932.

Schleicher ′ s first choice for his " Government of the President ′ s Friends " had been Count Kuno von Westarp, by which means he hoped to retain Brüning — who was a close friend of Westarp — in the Cabinet.

Schleicher criticized the current Hitler cabinet, while some of Schleicher ′ s followers — such as General Ferdinand von Bredow and Werner von Alvensleben — started passing along lists of a new Hitler Cabinet in which Schleicher would become Vice-Chancellor, Röhm Minister of Defence, Brüning Foreign Minister and Strasser Minister of National Economy.

Following the fall of his government on May 30, 1932, Brüning himself recommended to President Paul von Hindenburg that Goerdeler succeed him.

Faced with a breakdown of parliamentary rule at a time when the economic situation demanded action, Brüning asked von Hindenburg to dissolve parliament and call for new elections.

Brüning pushed through a law proscribing the Nazi SS and SA paramilitary organizations, which had to be revoked in 1932 after pressure from right-wing forces around Kurt von Schleicher.

Brüning, Eberhard: Das Konsulat der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika zu Leipzig.

At the time of Papen ′ s appointment, Schleicher boasted that " I ′ m not the soul of the cabinet, but I am perhaps its will " The German historian Eberhard Kolb wrote of Schleicher ′ s " key role " in the downfall of not only Brüning, but also the Weimar republic, for by bringing down Brüning Schleicher unintentionally and quite unnecessarily set off a series of events that would to led directly to the Third Reich.

The election campaigns was held under violent circumstances, as Papen lifted the ban on the SA, the Nazi paramilitary, which Brüning had banned during the last days of his administration.

Although brought up as a devout Catholic, Brüning was also influenced by Lutheranism's concept of duty, since the Münster region was home to both Catholics, who formed a majority, and Prussian-influenced Protestants.

Stegerwald, also the leader of the Christian trade unions, made him chief executive of the unions in 1920, a post Brüning retained until 1930.

Brüning was confronted with economic crises exacerbated by the Great Depression and had to tackle the difficult tasks of consolidating both budget and currency when faced with rising unemployment, and of also negotiating changes to the war reparations payments.

Brüning and his followers agreed to respect party discipline by also voting in favour of the bill.

Brüning and his followers agreed to respect party discipline by also voting in favour of the bill.

In parliament, he quickly made a name for himself as a financial expert and managed to push though the so-called " lex Brüning " ( Brüning Law ), which restricted the workers ' share of income taxes to no more than 1. 2 billion Reichsmark.

This left Brüning without any hope of reforging a party coalition and forced him to base his administration on the presidential emergency decree (" Notverordnung ") of Article 48 of the Constitution, circumventing parliament and the informal toleration of this practice by the parties.

Brüning coined the term " authoritative democracy " to describe this form of government based on the cooperation of the president and parliament.

For this way of government based on both the President and cooperation of parliament, Brüning coined the term " authoritative ( or authoritarian ) democracy ".

Brüning called the Act the " most monstrous resolution ever demanded of a parliament ", and was sceptical about Kaas ' efforts: " The party has difficult years ahead, no matter how it would decide.

* June 5 – German Chancellor Dr. Heinrich Brüning visits London, where he warns the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the Creditanstalt, has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.

Shortly after Brüning took office he was confronted by an economic crisis caused by the Great Depression.

" ( Brüning decrees hardship ), alluding to his measures being implemented by " Notverordnung ".

As a consequence Brüning announced his cabinet's resignation on 30 May 1932, " hundred metres before the finish ", and was relieved of his office in an undignifiedly brief ceremony by Hindenburg.

After his resignation, Brüning was invited by Ludwig Kaas to take over the leadership of the Centre Party, but the former chancellor declined and asked Kaas to stay.

In March 1930, Müller ′ s government fell and the first presidential government headed by Heinrich Brüning came into office.

Schleicher claimed that Brüning could have had Hindenburg ′ s term extended by the Reichstag, but chose not to in order to humiliate Hindenburg by making him appear on the same stage as Social Democratic leaders.

* Eschenburg, Theodor " The Role of the Personality in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic: Hindenburg, Brüning, Groener, Schleicher " pages 3 – 50 from Republic to Reich The Making Of The Nazi Revolution edited by Hajo Holborn, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.

During spring and summer 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning found his government unable to obtain a parliamentary majority for its financial reform bill, which was voted down by the Reichstag.

by Gerhard Taddey and Rainer Brüning, Stuttgart 2007, pp. 182 – 226.