Brachytherapy can be used after surgery, before chemotherapy or palliatively in the case of advanced disease.

Brachytherapy ( from the Greek word βραχυς brachys, meaning " short-distance "), also known as internal radiotherapy, sealed source radiotherapy, curietherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of radiotherapy where a radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment.

Brachytherapy contrasts with unsealed source radiotherapy in which a therapeutic radioisotope is injected into the body to chemically localize to the tissue which requires destruction.

Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, External Beam Radiotherapy ( EBRT ) and chemotherapy.

Brachytherapy can also be used in the treatment of tumours of the brain, eye, head and neck region ( lip, floor of mouth, tongue, nasopharynx and oropharynx ), respiratory tract ( trachea and bronchi ), digestive tract ( oesophagus, gall bladder, bile-ducts, rectum, anus ), urinary tract ( bladder, urethra, penis ), female reproductive tract ( uterus, vagina, vulva ), and soft tissues.

Brachytherapy can be used with the aim of curing the cancer in cases of small or locally advanced tumours, provided the cancer has not metastasized ( spread to other parts of the body ).

Brachytherapy to treat prostate cancer can be given either as permanent LDR seed implantation or as temporary HDR brachytherapy.

Brachytherapy can be used in the treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis, in which a catheter is placed inside blood vessels, through which sources are inserted and removed.

In treating In-stent restenosis ( ISR ) Drug Eluting stents ( DES ) have been found to be superior to Intracoronary Brachytherapy ( ICBT ).

Brachytherapy instead involves the precise placement of short-range radiation-sources ( radioisotopes ) directly at the site of the cancerous tumour.

Brachytherapy represents an effective treatment option for many types of cancer.

Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancers of the cervix, prostate, breast, and skin.

Brachytherapy is commonly used in the treatment of early or locally confined cervical cancer and is a standard of care in many countries.

Brachytherapy to treat breast cancer is usually performed with HDR temporary brachytherapy.

Brachytherapy has demonstrated excellent local control of breast cancer at follow-up of up to 6 years post treatment.

Brachytherapy for skin cancer provides good cosmetic results and clinical efficacy ; studies with up to 5 years follow-up have shown that brachytherapy is highly effective in terms local control, and is comparable to EBRT.

Brachytherapy for skin cancer may result in a shedding of the outer layers of skin ( desquamation ) around the area of treatment in the weeks following therapy, which typically heals in 5 – 8 weeks.

Brachytherapy for prostate cancer may cause erectile dysfunction in approximately 15-30 % of patients.

Brachytherapy for breast or skin cancer may cause scar tissue to form around the treatment area.

The practice of state-owned vehicles for use of employees on business dates back over forty years.

( The association of Wiley & Sons with the Dana Mineralogies dates back to 1844 when they published the second edition of the system.

Latter-day interest in Elizabethan singing dates well back into the nineteenth century in England, much ahead of similar revivals in other countries.

He dates back to the days before the first sailing ship pulled into New Orleans.

A tablet found on the Greek island Salamis in 1846 AD dates back to 300 BC, making it the oldest counting board discovered so far.

The current coastline dates back to about 4000 BC.

The first division into major and minor arts dates back to Leon Battista Alberti's works ( De re aedificatoria, De statua, De pictura ), focusing the importance of intellectual skills of the artist rather than the manual skills ( even if in other forms of art there was a project behind ).

The river's name may be attested to in the Gaulish ( Helvetic ) Berne zinc tablet which dates back to Roman Gaul.

The use of compound glues to haft stone spears into wood dates back to approximately 70, 000 BC.

Its early history reveals that the maritime importance of the island dates back to pre-Dorian times.

It dates back at least as far as recorded history.

The city dates back at least to the 10th century when it was known by its first Latin name of Alavarium, literally, " a gathering place or preserve of birds.

The history of the city dates back to Roman times.

The Gendarmenmarkt, a neoclassical square in Berlin whose name dates back to the quarters of the famous Gens d ' armes regiment located here in the 18th century, is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the Französischer Dom with its observation platform and the Deutscher Dom.

Going further back, an earlier version of the Choral Fantasy theme is found in the song " Gegenliebe " (" Returned Love "), for piano and high voice, which dates from before 1795.

The modern Bulgarian military dates back to 1878.

It is unclear whether the word dates back to the 5th century and was used by the kings themselves, or whether it is a later, 9th-century, invention.

Brown's mascot is the bear, which dates back to 1904.

Finding that Baldrick has forgotten to write dates on the machine's dials, the rest of the film follows their attempts to find their way back to 1999, often creating huge historical anomalies in the process which must be corrected before the end.

" The earliest known use of the Greek word symphonia, dates back to Pythagoras, born in the 6th century BCE, who has used the term.

" The earliest known use of the Greek word symphonia, dates back to Pythagoras, born in the 6th century BCE, who has used the term.

Biological terrorism dates as far back as Ancient Rome, when feces were thrown into faces of enemies.

* The modern Nikon F Mount SLR camera lenses from the late 1970s-present ( its design dates back to 1959 ) can function on the newer Nikon DSLR cameras with some limitations.

The earliest mention of the term balalaika dates back to an AD 1688 Russian document.

Nearby is the Château Vieux, some of which dates back to the 12th century, where the governors of the city were based, including the English Black Prince.