In December 1888 Burckhardt operated on the brains of six patients ( one of whom died a few days after the operation ) at the Préfargier Asylum, cutting out a piece of cerebral cortex.

In the 19th century Jacob Burckhardt viewed Eusebius as ' a liar ', the “ first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity .” Ramsay MacMullen in the 20th century regarded Eusebius's work as representative of early Christian historical accounts in which “ Hostile writings and discarded views were not recopied or passed on, or they were actively suppressed ..., matters discreditable to the faith were to be consigned to silence .” As a consequence this kind of methodology in MacMullens view has distorted modern attempts, ( e. g. Harnack, Nock, and Brady ), to describe how the Church grew in the early centuries.

* Averil Cameron ( professor at King's College and Oxford ) and Stuart Hall ( historian and theologian ), in their recent translation of the Life of Constantine, point out that writers such as Burckhardt found it necessary to attack Eusebius in order to undermine the ideological legitimacy of the Habsburg empire, which based itself on the idea of Christian empire derived from Constantine, and that the most controversial letter in the Life has since been found among the papyri of Egypt.

Zedler could rely on the support of Jacob August Franckenstein, a professor of natural and international law at the University of Leipzig, and was a friend of the publisher of New Learned Works, Johann Burckhardt Mencke.

The two historians who influenced Meyer particularly were Louis Vulliemin at Lausanne and Jacob Burckhardt at Bâsle whose book on the Culture of the Renaissance stimulated his imagination and interest.

As preparation Burckhardt briefly studied Arabic at the University of Cambridge, and prepared for his rigorous career as an explorer by wandering bareheaded in the English countryside during a heatwave, subsisting on vegetables and water, and sleeping on the bare ground.

Burckhardt temporarily abandoned this goal to travel up the Nile as far as Dar Mahass ; and then, finding it impossible to penetrate westward, he made a journey through the Nubian desert in the character of a poor Syrian merchant, passing by Berber and Shendi to Suakin, on the Red Sea, whence he performed the pilgrimage to Mecca by way of Jidda.

* The Unanimous Tradition, Essays on the essential unity of all religions, by Joseph Epes Brown, Titus Burckhardt, Rama P. Coomaraswamy, Gai Eaton, Isaline B. Horner, Toshihiko Izutsu, Martin Lings, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Lord Northbourne, Marco Pallis, Whitall N. Perry, Leo Schaya, Frithjof Schuon, Philip Sherrard, William Stoddart, Elémire Zolla, edited by Ranjit Fernando, Sri Lanka Institute of Traditional Studies, 1991 ISBN 955-9028-01-4

Writing to Baldwin on the subject of the conversation between Karl Burckhardt ( the League of Nations ' Commissioner of Danzig ) and Hitler, Halifax said: " Nationalism and Racialism is a powerful force but I can't feel that it's either unnatural or immoral !.

Knecht's brilliant but unstable friend Fritz Tegularius is based on Friedrich Nietzsche, while Father Jacobus is based on the historian Jakob Burckhardt.

According to Andrew Nagorski ( 2007 ; The Greatest Battle ) Adolf Hitler had declared his intention to invade the USSR on 11 August 1939 to Carl Jacob Burckhardt, League of Nations Commissioner by saying, " Everything I undertake is directed against the Russians.

Another student, Johann Karl Burckhardt published the book Theorie der Kettenbrüche after being encouraged by Hindenberg to work on continued fractions.

After publishing a proclamation on October 26, Dufour appointed as division commanders: Peter Ludwig von Donatz ( Grisons ), Johannes Burckhardt and Eduard Ziegler ( Aargau ) from among the Conservatives and Louis Rilliet de Constant ( Vaud ), Dominik Gmür, Giacomo Luvini ( Ticino ) and Ochsenbein ( Bern ) from among the Radicals.

Burckhardt lies across two slightly smaller craters on opposite sides, producing a triple-crater formation.

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Burckhardt.

As Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss historian and author of the classic The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy described, “ It was not the revival of antiquity alone, but its union with the genius of the Italian people which achieved the conquest of the western world .” In sum, Cavalcanti lived during and helped shape this time of great innovation that was spurred on by a desire to explore, create and experiment with new things.

Carved out of a sandstone cliff on the west bank of the Nile, south of Korosko ( modern Kuruskū ), the temples were unknown to the outside world until their rediscovery in 1813 by the Swiss researcher Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.

* Force and Freedom: Reflections on History by Jacob Burckhardt ( 1943 )

What really matters is the distinctive murderous will of the Nazi leadership ... First, the intentionalist attack on the incorporation of functionalist types of explanation into our understanding of National Socialism proposes, implicitly but clearly, a retreat by the historical profession to the methods and stance of Burckhardt.

On the evidence above all of his " Reflections on World History " ( a book which greatly impressed anxious conservatives when it was re-issued in the late 1930s ) Burckhardt saw the historians ' task as to investigate, to classify and to order, to hate and to love and to warn -- but not, except on the smallest of scales, to explain.

He differed significantly from Burckhardt in that he did not think there was any physical anatomical pathology in the brains of the mentally ill, but rather that their neural pathways were caught in fixed and destructive circuits As he wrote in 1936:

Cover design and six illustrations by Titus Burckhardt.

In 1674, according to Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, someone smeared the Black Stone with excrement so that " every one who kissed it retired with a sullied beard ".

The term Renaissance is in essence a modern one that came into currency in the 19th century, in the work of historians such as Jacob Burckhardt.

For Wölfflin, the 16th-century art now described as " Mannerist " was part of the Baroque aesthetic, one that Burckhardt before him as well as most French and English-speaking scholars for a generation after him dismissed as degenerate.

" Jakob Burckhardt fully cognizant of Springer's enmity, reportedly gave one Springer student ( Gustav Pauli ) a rough reception when Pauli applied to study under him.

Among the numerous personalities with whom Kerényi maintained important personal and scholarly interaction were the Hungarian poets László Németh, Antal Szerb and Pál Gulyás, the psychologist Leopold Szondi, the writer Otto Heuschele and the historian Carl Jacob Burckhardt.

* May 25-Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss historian ( died 1897 )

Titus Burckhardt ( Ibrahim Izz al-Din after his Islamic name ), a German Swiss, was born in Florence, Italy in 1908 and died in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1984.

However, the nineteenth-century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt noted that Jean Buridan had climbed the same mountain a few years before, and ascents accomplished during the Middle Ages have been recorded, including that of Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne.

Titus Burckhardt was a contemporary of Frithjof Schuon – leading exponent of traditionalist thought in the twentieth century – and the two spent their early school days together in Basle around the time of the First World War.

Glance at the list: Burckhardt, Tolstoy, Proudhon, Thoreau, London, Marx, Tawney, Mayo, Durkheim, Tannenbaum, Mumford, A. R. Heron, Huxley, Schweitzer, and Einstein.

The first systematic attempt at human psychosurgery is commonly attributed to the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt.

It is commonly accepted that the first systematic attempt at human psychosurgery was conducted by the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt in the late 1880s.

He studied medicine in Zürich and following his graduation in 1881 he worked as a medical assistant to Gottlieb Burckhardt at the Waldau Psychiatric Clinic in Bern.

On Tuesday, July 12, 1983, at the summer house he maintained with Burckhardt in Searsmont Maine, he committed suicide ; he had been ill and increasingly concerned about the loss of his mental powers.

Gradually the podests became more despotic and more corrupt: the sale of public offices at Ferrara was a matter of public record, as Jakob Burckhardt noted: " At the new year 1502 the majority of the officials bought their places at prezzi salati ( pungent prices ) public servants of the most various kinds, custom-house officers, massari / bailiffs, notaries, podesta, judges, and even governors of provincial towns are quoted by name.

division ( Burckhardt ), which left Langenthal to arrive at the Reuss north of Lucerne by way of Willisau and Ruswil.

Wölfflin studied art history and history with Jakob Burckhardt at the University of Basel, philosophy with Wilhelm Dilthey at Berlin University, art history and philosophy at Munich University where his father had taught.

On the death of Jacob Burckhardt in 1897 Wöllflin succeeded him in the Art History Chair at Basel.

On the recommendation of the orientalist, J. L. Burckhardt, he was sent by Henry Salt, the British consul to Egypt, to the Ramesseum at Thebes, from where he removed with great skill the colossal bust of Ramesses II, commonly called " the Young Memnon ".

A delegation of the International Red Cross lead by Prof. Carl Jacob Burckhardt inspect POWs at Stalag II-B, 9 August 1941

* Sawin's interview with Rudy Burckhardt at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

The second component is a line ( the Prévost – Burckhardt line ) which is perpendicular to this arc, cutting it at the point midway between the two eyes ( which may, or may not, be the fixation point ).

* Titus Burckhardt resource page ( at World Wisdom ): excerpts, detailed biography, photos, extensive bibliography, additional links