The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

" This was a problem that leading ethologists Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz were trying to address.

Studies in the prosocial behaviour of animals, have led many ethologists and evolutionary psychologists to apply tit-for-tat strategies to explain why altruism evolves in many animal communities.

Other early ethologists, such as Oskar Heinroth and Julian Huxley, instead concentrated on behaviours that can be called instinctive, or natural, in that they occur in all members of a species under specified circumstances.

Voigt states that the party is also influenced by the views of modern ethologists such as Konrad Lorenz and Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.

Dawkins & Krebs criticised previous ethologists, such as Nikolaas Tinbergen and Desmond Morris among others, for supporting the view that such displays were used " for the good of the species ".

Traditionally, cognitive ethologists have questioned research methods that isolate animals in unnatural surroundings and present them with a limited set of artificial stimuli, arguing that such techniques favor the study of articial issues that are not relevant to an understanding of the natural behavior of animals.

Several psychologists and ethologists have argued for the existence of animal consciousness by describing a range of behaviors that appear to show animals holding beliefs about things they cannot directly perceive — Donald Griffin's 2001 book Animal Minds reviews a substantial portion of the evidence.

Furthermore, early comparative psychologists concentrated on the study of learning and tended to research behaviour in artificial situations, whereas early ethologists concentrated on behaviour in natural situations, tending to describe it as instinctive.

The distinction is comparable to that drawn by ethologists ' between the pair-forming and pair-maintaining functions of sexual activity ', just as ' the attachment of the attachment theorists is very similar to the emotional reciprocation longed for in Tennov's limerence, and each is linked to sexuality '.

Because ethology is considered a topic of biology, ethologists have been concerned particularly with the evolution of behaviour and the understanding of behaviour in terms of the theory of natural selection.

In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, influenced many ethologists.

He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine " for discoveries in individual and social behavior patterns " with two other important early ethologists, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch.

In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, influenced many ethologists to come.

Most ethologists believe that aggression confers biological advantages.

While ethologists consider animal behavior to be largely based on fixed action patterns or other learned traits in an animal's past, human behavior is known to encompass an anticipation of the future.

It appears, though, that those who recognise emotions in animals are in the ascent: many ethologists, for example Marc Bekoff, are prepared to draw the conclusion that animals do experience emotions, though these are not necessarily the same as human emotions.

A chief debate among ethologists studying animal societies is whether non-human primates and other animals can be said to have culture.

Significant contributions to the first of these problems were made by Konrad Lorenz and other early ethologists.

The early ethologists assumed that communication occurred for the good of the species as a whole, but this would require a process of group selection which is believed to be mathematically impossible in the evolution of sexually reproducing animals.

Tinbergen is also well known for his four questions that he believed ethologists should be asking about any given animal behavior ; among these is that of the mechanism of the behavior, on a physiological, neural and molecular level, and this question can be thought of in many regards as the keystone question in neuroethology.

Tinbergen also emphasized the need for ethologists and neurophysiologists to work together in their studies, a unity that has become a reality in the field of neuroethology.

Due to the length of time that has elapsed since magnetoreception was first suggested and today, clarification of its purpose and mechanism in animals will probably require multidimensional analysis integrating the work of neurologists, ethologists, geneticists, and physicists among other scientists.

The aggression of this fish has been studied by ethologists and comparative psychologists.

Yet it is this very ambitiousness, his striving toward meaning, and attempts to deal with the big themes of human life, that also make his work so clearly appreciated by other critics, his audiences and collectors.

Also, Michael Bond wrote " Most large NGOs, such as Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and Action Aid, are striving to make their aid provision more sustainable.

In Northern America, where urban sprawl has begun to strike even the most rural communities, developers and local leaders are currently striving to make their communities more conducive to non-motorized transportation through the use of less traditional " trails.

The grain will want to minimize this extra energy thus striving to make the grain boundary area smaller and this change requires energy.

She instigated religious reform, striving to make the worship and practices of the Church in Scotland conform to those of Rome.

These women were persistent in striving to make their names known in the music industry and lead the way for many more women artists to come.

Another Hossō scholar, Jōkei was among Hōnen's toughest critics, and frequently sought to refute his teachings, while simultaneously striving to make Buddhism more accessible to a wider audience as Hōnen by reviving devotion to Maitreya Bodhisattva and teaching followers the benefits of rebirth in the Tusita Heaven, rather than the Pure Land of Amitabha.

Pheiffer says: “ This fanciful story of the origin of the Septuagint is merely a pretext for defending Judaism against its heathen denigrators, for extolling its nobility and reasonableness, and first striving to convert Greek speaking Gentiles to it .” Schürer classes the letter with a special kind of literature, “ Jewish propaganda in Pagan disguise ,” whose works are “ directed to the pagan reader, in order to make propaganda for Judaism among the Gentiles .” Andrews, too, believes that the role of a Greek was assumed by Aristeas in order “ to strengthen the force of the argument and commend it to non-Jewish readers.

The Brothers of the Poor live by their vows of poverty ( living a simple lifestyle, using talents and gifts to make a better world ), consecrated chastity ( loving all, possessing no one, striving sincerely, for singleness of heart, a celibate way of loving and being loved ), and obedience ( to God, to the community, to the Church and to self ).

By extension, the term may also suggest an ugly woman in shabby clothing, ill-tempered and grumbling, striving to make life of her husband ( and men in general ) unbearable.

Without animosity to any one, the Sangh is striving to make the Hindu society strong and efficient.

They make these hybrid boards by adding kicktails and striving to make the boards out of lighter materials.

He saw Blackboard Jungle as encouraging teachers to continue striving to help their students and as reassuring them that they can make a difference.

" As a non-profit 501 ( c )( 3 ) organization, the EAST Initiative is supported by a dynamic collaboration of government, education, and business partnerships that share a common goal of striving to make a difference in the lives of children and their communities.

In Integral yoga it is necessary to change the vital's striving away from self-centered desires and revolts, to make it an instrument for the yoga.

Although it did not play in any international games from 1984 to 2003 due to the war, it is now striving and hoping to make it to FIFA.

And as the entire social democracy movement is only the conscious advance guard of the proletarian class movement, which in the words of the Communist Manifesto represent in every single moment of the struggle the permanent interests of liberation and the partial group interests of the workforce vis à vis the interests of the movement as whole, so within the social democracy its leaders are the more powerful, the more influential, the more clearly and consciously they make themselves merely the mouthpiece of the will and striving of the enlightened masses, merely the agents of the objective laws of the class movement.

" To realize that within our grasp, in Zeta Tau Alpha, lies the opportunity to learn those things which will ever enrich and ennoble our lives ; to be true to ourselves, to those within and without our circle ; to think in terms of all mankind and our service in the world ; to be steadfast, strong, and clean of heart and mind, remembering that since the thought is father to the deed, only that which we would have manifested in our experience should be entertained in thought ; to find satisfaction in being, rather than seeming, thus strengthening in us the higher qualities of the spirit ; to prepare for service and learn the nobility of serving, thereby earning the right to be served ; to seek understanding that we might gain true wisdom ; to look for the good in everyone ; to see beauty, with its enriching influence ; to be humble in success, and without bitterness in defeat ; to have the welfare and harmony of the Fraternity at heart, striving ever to make our lives a symphony of high ideals, devotion to the Right, the Good, and the True, without a discordant note ; remembering always that the foundation precept of Zeta Tau Alpha was Love, ' the greatest of all things.

Earlier, Mort Pomeroy-though by no means liking the occupying Yankees-was not a white-hot patriot, striving to make the best of the situation ( with a considerable economic success ), and trying ( this without success ) to dissaude Mary from her bombing campaign against the Americans.