Managers aim to capture the inefficiencies arising from the heavy participation of non-economic investors ( i. e., high income " buy and hold " investors seeking tax-exempt income ) as well as the " crossover buying " arising from corporations ' or individuals ' changing income tax situations ( i. e., insurers switching their munis for corporates after a large loss as they can capture a higher after-tax yield by offsetting the taxable corporate income with underwriting losses ).

However, unlike investors, they typically do not take into account aesthetic considerations ; rather they gather whatever quantity of coins they can and hold them.

The area of study examines issues such as how each major form of business entity may be formed, operated, and dissolved ; the degree to which limited liability protects investors ; the extent to which a business can be held liable for the acts of an agent of the business ; the relative advantages and disadvantages of different types of business organizations, and the structures established by governments to monitor the buying and selling of ownership interests in large corporations.

As a result, most investors will not commit to financing a film unless an insurer can be found to protect them against the risk that the film ultimately cannot be released as a result of a total catastrophe such as total loss of film negatives ( or digital media ), death of the Director or Stars during production, natural disasters destroying the sets, and so on.

A hedge fund is an investment fund that can undertake a wider range of investment and trading activities than other funds, but which is generally only open to certain types of investors specified by regulators.

Hedge funds are typically open-ended, meaning that investors can invest and withdraw money at regular, specified intervals.

Because investments in hedge funds can add diversification to investment portfolios, investors may use them as a tool to reduce their overall portfolio risk exposures.

Although under Section 3 ( c ) 7 a fund can have an unlimited number of investors, if a fund has any class of equity securities owned by more than 499 investors, it must register its securities with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

In a relevant sense, a trust can be viewed as a generic form of a corporation where the settlors ( investors ) are also the beneficiaries.

In such situations one may need to develop two versions of the business plan: a stripped down plan that can be used to develop a relationship and a detail plan that is only shown when investors have sufficient interest and trust to sign an NDA.

Sometimes capital market transactions can have a negative effect on the primary borrowers-for example, if a large proportion of investors try to sell their bonds, this can push up the yields for future issues from the same entity.

Most advanced nations like to use capital controls sparingly if at all, as in theory allowing markets freedom is a win-win situation for all involved: investors are free to seek maximum returns, and countries can benefit from investments that will develop their industry and infrastructure.

A company can raise money by selling shares to investors and its existing shares can be bought or sold.

For the primary market to thrive, there must be a secondary market, or aftermarket that provides liquidity for the investment security — where holders of securities can sell them to other investors for cash.

Issuers may seek listings for their securities to attract investors, by ensuring there is a liquid and regulated market that investors can buy and sell securities in.

Such scammers can often lure wealthy investors, investment groups, or other business entities into scams resulting in multi-million dollar losses.

Some scammers are part of less organized gangs or are operating independently ; such scammers have reduced access to the above connections, and thus have little success with wealthier investors or business entities attempting to research them, but are still convincing to middle-class individuals and small businesses, and can bilk hundreds of thousands of dollars from such victims.

In addition, investors can gain passive exposure to the commodity markets through a commodity price index.

The senior tranches of high-yield CDOs can thus meet the minimum credit rating requirements of pension funds and other institutional investors despite the significant risk in the original high-yield debt.

Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders, who can be based anywhere.

`` Billions of American dollars, not only from capital investors but also from the pockets of U.S. taxpayers '', this author states, `` are being poured into South Africa to support a system dedicated to the oppression, the persecution, and the almost diabolical exploitation of 12 million people the color of whose skins happens not to be white ''.

The Bahamian Government also has adopted a proactive approach to courting foreign investors and has conducted major investment missions to the Far East, Europe, Latin America, and Canada.

Larger institutional investors also grant the board proxies.

Exceptions to the rule of coin face-value being higher than content value, also occur for some bullion coins made of silver or gold ( and, rarely, other metals, such as platinum or palladium ), intended for collectors or investors in precious metals.

The ECU was also used in some international financial transactions, where its advantage was that securities denominated in ECUs provided investors with the opportunity for foreign diversification without reliance on the currency of a single country.

Thanks also to Lawrence's involvement in the Ohio Company, a land investment company funded by Virginia investors, and Lawrence's position as commander of the Virginia militia, Washington came to the notice of the new lieutenant governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie.

Preceding Livermore, future statesman Bernard M. Baruch also operated such pools before removing his investors and was later known as the " lone wolf on Wall Street ", as he managed his own fortune.

The hedge fund's prospectus, also known as an offering memorandum, offers potential investors information about key aspects of the fund, including the fund's investment strategy, investment type, and leverage limit.

Hedge funds within the US are subject to various regulatory and trading reporting and record keeping requirements that also apply to other investors in publicly traded securities.

However, a route across the Canadian Shield was highly unpopular with potential investors not only in the United States, but also in Canada and especially Great Britain which was the only other viable source of financing.

Foreign investors also have been attracted by the infrastructure improvements as well as by the educated and skilled work force and relatively stable political conditions.

When it was found that another $ 6, 000 was required another ten investors were found but this was also soon found to be inadequate.

The high technology and IT sectors are also growing with the help of investors like Google, Toshiba, Dell, GE, LG and Sharp.

Other historians argue that the invasion occurred to protect the interests of British investors with assets in Egypt and also to boost the political popularity of the Liberal Party.

It also issues catastrophe bonds which transfer catastrophic risks from borrowers to investors.

He also orchestrated an involuntary bankruptcy filing by several small Ponzi investors.

Promoters also try to minimize withdrawals by offering new plans to investors, often where money is frozen for a longer period of time, in exchange for higher returns.

He actively sought the presidency of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad but was unsuccessful, and also failed in an attempt to get investors for a proposed railroad from New Orleans to Monterrey, Mexico.

The Key System's investors ( incorporated as the " Realty Syndicate ") also established two large hotels in Oakland, one of which survives as the Claremont Resort.

Market participants include individual retail investors, institutional investors such as mutual funds, banks, insurance companies and hedge funds, and also publicly traded corporations trading in their own shares.

Market participants include individual retail investors, institutional investors such as mutual funds, banks, insurance companies and hedge funds, and also publicly traded corporations trading in their own shares.

There has been a gradual tendency for " fixed " ( and exorbitant ) fees being reduced for all investors, partly from falling administration costs but also assisted by large institutions challenging brokers ' oligopolistic approach to setting standardised fees.