Historically, the remedy for such violations have been petitions for common law writs, such as quo warranto.

The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal, because they incorporate the presumption of non-authority.

There are also cases that do not technically involve two sides, such as petitions for specific statutory relief that require judicial approval ; in those cases there are no respondents, just a petitioner.

The press organized petitions and debates and reported to the public on government policy, while leaders such as Henry Brougham ( 1778 – 1868 ) built alliances with men who lacked direct representation.

Eventually, the king began to regularly delegate the function of resolving such petitions to the Chancellor, an important member of the King's Council.

The pro-slavery forces responded with a series of gag rules that automatically " tabled " all such petitions, preventing them from being read or discussed.

While collateral attacks on criminal convictions, such as state level habeas corpus petitions, are usually considered to be technically civil cases, because they are not brought by a prosecutor and do not seek to convict someone of a crime, these suits are, in both states, appealed to the criminal court of last resort, rather than the civil court of last resort.

Prisoner's in state prisons may also file prisoner's petitions in federal court alleging civil rights violations by correctional officials, and these petitions often make up a large share of the civil cases filed in a given federal court, but relief is very rarely granted in such cases.

Some Catholic coeliac sufferers have requested permission to use rice wafers ; such petitions have always been denied.

Often petitions are directed to the King, although the system of ministerial responsibility makes it impossible for him to take action by himself ; his secretarial cabinet relegates such petitions to the relevant ministries.

It is the duty of the Home Secretary to submit such petitions to his Majesty and to advise his Majesty to the reply to be returned.

:: Example: Moreover, to the extent that exhausted and unexhausted claims are interrelated, the general rule among the Courts of Appeals is to dismiss mixed habeas petitions for exhaustion of all such claims.

The House of Commons ceased considering such petitions in 1399, leaving the House of Lords, effectively, as the nation's court of last resort.

The due process for petitions for such writs is not simply civil or criminal, because they incorporate the presumption of nonauthority, so that the official who is the respondent has the burden to prove his authority to do or not do something, failing which the court has no discretion but to decide for the petitioner, who may be any person, not just an interested party.

The procedures for creating a special district may include procedures such as petitions, hearings, voter or landowner approval, or government approval.

In January 1790 he returned to Montpellier, was elected a member of the municipality, co-founded the Jacobin Club in that city, and on the flight to Varennes of King Louis XVI in 1791, he drew up a petition to invite the National Constituent Assembly to proclaim a Republic — the first in date of such petitions.

Apart from this, the Supreme court and even the various High Courts of the country also started entrusting such cases for investigation to the CBI on petitions filed by aggrieved parties.

# Secretary Rumsfeld can be named as the respondent to Padilla's habeas corpus petition, even though it is South Carolina's Commander Marr who had immediate physical custody of Padilla, because there have been past cases where national-level officials have been named as respondents to such petitions.

US caselaw has shown that successful petitions for termination have been made after a diagnosis of a persistent vegetative state, although in some cases, such as that of Terri Schiavo, such rulings have generated widespread controversy.

The word has also come into use for pre-created form letters on the Internet for things such as issues to be broached by a politician based on an issue ad, requesting a cable network be added to a system by a cable or satellite operator, or a pre-written complaint about something such as a program, book, or video game opposed by a group which created the letter, along with online petitions.

No corporation engaged in commerce shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital of another corporation engaged also in commerce, where the effect of such acquisition may be to substantially lessen competition between the corporation whose stock is so acquired and the corporation making the acquisition, or to restrain such commerce in any section or community, or tend to create a monopoly of any line of commerce.

In its pathological form, spiritual anxiety may tend to " drive the person toward the creation of certitude in systems of meaning which are supported by tradition and authority " even though such " undoubted certitude is not built on the rock of reality ".

Members of some generally non-theistic religions such as Buddhism, tend to believe in an afterlife, but without reference to a God.

People with arachnophobia tend to feel uneasy in any area they believe could harbor spiders or that has visible signs of their presence, such as webs.

This analysis neglects other potential bottlenecks such as memory bandwidth and I / O bandwidth, if they do not scale with the number of processors ; however, taking into account such bottlenecks would tend to further demonstrate the diminishing returns of only adding processors.

In the rainforest, these tend towards the purification of one's self-abstaining from spicy and heavily-seasoned foods, excess fat, salt, caffeine, acidic foods ( such as citrus ) and sex before, after, or during a ceremony.

Although Carolla often supports social viewpoints traditionally dominated by liberal politicians, such as his support for abortion and the legalization of marijuana, his socio-political views tend to be largely conservative or libertarian.

Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as ( nitric acid ) and ( sulphuric acid ), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids ( HF, HCl, HBr, and HI ), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning " acid-former " ( from the Greek οξυς ( oxys ) meaning " acid " or " sharp " and γεινομαι ( geinomai ) meaning " engender ").

In analytic geometry, an asymptote () of a curve is a line such that the distance between the curve and the line approaches zero as they tend to infinity.

" Sets of such precedents tend to become established among groups of players, and to be regarded as part of the house rules.

Cyberpunk plots often center on a conflict among hackers, artificial intelligences, and megacorporations, and tend to be set in a near-future Earth, rather than the far-future settings or galactic vistas found in novels such as Isaac Asimov's Foundation or Frank Herbert's Dune.

For instance, in the music industry, the top-selling pop singers have a strong potential to become celebrities, but the behind-the-scenes professionals tend to remain little known to the general public ( e. g. dancers, disc jockeys, record producers, and composers ); though in recent years, Club DJs such as David Guetta, Skrillex and Deadmau5 or composer David Foster have achieved worldwide fame for their respective work in the music industry.

Clown costumes tend to exaggerate the facial features and some body parts, such as hands and feet and noses.

** High nitrogen materials tend to be green ( or colorful, such as fruits and vegetables ) and wet.

These longer chain acids tend to be rather soluble in less-polar solvents such as ethers and alcohols.

Most provision worldwide is through the state school system of each individual country, and as such the instructors tend to be trained primary-or secondary school teachers that are native speakers of the language of their pupils, not English.

* Loanwords that have a low central vowel in their language of origin, such as llama, pasta, and pyjamas, as well as place names like Gaza, tend to have rather than ( which is the same as due to the father – bother merger, see below ); this also applies to older loans like drama or Apache.

According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, characteristics such as camouflage that help an animal to survive will tend to evolve in any population.

It is thought that mammals which can sleep in hiding, such as rodents and bats, tend to sleep longer than those that must remain on alert.

Carotenes are also found in palm oil, corn, and in the milk of dairy cows, causing cow's milk to be light yellow, depending on the feed of the cattle, and the amount of fat in the milk ( high-fat milks, such as those produced by Guernsey cows, tend to be more yellow because their fat content causes them to contain more carotene ).

In Ireland, crannogs tend to reach a floruit during the Early Historic period when they were the homes and retreats of kings, lords, prosperous farmers and occasionally socially marginalised groups such as monastic hermits or metalsmiths who could work in isolation.

Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.

Instead, early 21st century papers on Chinese history tend to be empirical studies of a small part of China which aim to reach a deep understanding of the socio-economics, political dynamics, or cultural dynamics of a small region such as a province or a village with little effort made to create a master narrative which would be generalizable to all of China.