The first and perhaps best known of these is the distinctive backward-pointing crest of some Pteranodon species, though a few pterosaurs, such as the tapejarids and Nyctosaurus sported incredibly large crests that often incorporated keratinous or other soft tissue extensions of the bony crest base.

These outpocketings first arose in the bony fish ; in some of the ray-finned fish the sacs evolved into gas bladders, while in other ray-finned fish ( such as the gar, bichir and amia ) as well as the lobe-finned fish they evolved into lungs.

The first proto-turtles are believed to have existed in the late Triassic Period of the Mesozoic era, about 220 million years ago, and their shell, which has remained a remarkably stable body plan, is thought to have evolved from bony extensions of their backbones and broad ribs that expanded and grew together to form a complete shell that offered protection at every stage of its evolution, even when the bony component of the shell was not complete.

This is the system currently found in cartilaginous fishes and the first bony fishes ( acanthodians ).

The cypriniformes ( family Cyprinidae ) are traditionally grouped with the Characiformes, Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes to create the superorder Ostariophysi, since these groups have certain common features, such as being found predominantly in fresh water and that they possess Weberian ossicles ( an anatomical structure originally made up of small pieces of bone formed from four or five of the first vertebrae ); the most anterior bony pair is in contact with the extension of the labyrinth and the posterior with the swimbladder.

The first armored agnathans — the Ostracoderms, precursors to the bony fish and hence to the tetrapods ( including humans )— are known from the middle Ordovician, and by the Late Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution.

The bump itself is partly due to the swollen bursal sac and / or an osseous ( bony ) anomaly on the mesophalangeal joint ( where the first metatarsal bone and hallux meet ).

* removing the abnormal bony enlargement of the first metatarsal,

This normal, human embryologic development is exceptionally important — because the newborn infant breathes through his or her nose during the first 6 weeks of life — thus, when a child is afflicted with bilateral choanal atresia, the blockage of the posterior nasal passage, either by abnormal bony tissue or by abnormal soft tissue, emergency remedial action is required to ensure that the child can breathe.

The artery lies at first in front of the cochlea and tympanic cavity ; from the latter cavity it is separated by a thin, bony lamella, which is cribriform in the young subject, and often partly absorbed in old age.

It was the first genus of sauropod known to possess armour of bony plates embedded in its skin.

In pivot feeding, used by certain bony fishes, a four-bar linkage at first locks the head in a ventrally bent position by the alignment of two bars.

The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional between fishes and amphibians.

In some primitive cartilaginous fishes, such as the spiny dogfish or mud shark ( Squalus acanthias ), there is a terminal nerve numbered zero, since it exits the brain before the traditionally designated first cranial nerve.

The esociform fishes first appeared in the mid-Cretaceous — early products of the Euteleost radiation of that time.

The evolution of the first tetrapods marked the moment when the two basic forms of vertebrates, fishes and tetrapods, diverged.

Research began in the old pier building with one of the first projects being on the distribution, life history and abundance of marine fishes of Texas, by Dr. Lund and Dr. Gordon Gunter, who was Lund ’ s student and later followed Lund as Director.

( quadrupeds, birds, fishes ) folio, 1551 – 1558, at Zürich, a fifth ( snakes ) being issued in 1587 ( there is a German translation, entitled Thierbuch, of the first 4 vols., Zürich, 1563 ): this work is the starting-point of modern zoology.

The first European explorer was French Jesuit priest Jacques Gravier, who traveled the river in 1699 – 1700, and reports that the name means ' the river of ugly fishes ' or ' ugly water ' in Algonquian.

She first comes across Ash when she accidentally fishes him and his Pikachu out of a river while fishing for water Pokémon.

Cope's return to the United States also marked an expansion of his scientific studies ; in 1864 he described several fishes, a whale, and the amphibian Amphibamus grandiceps ( his first paleontological contribution.

* Mark Catesby begins part publication in London of The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, containing the figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, insects, and plants ... together with their descriptions in English and French, the first published account of the flora and fauna of North America, and the first work of natural history to use folio-size coloured plates.

Besides fishes they include at least eleven species of reptiles, and some birds and one armadillo-like mammal, Brachianodon westorum, with some scattered vertebrae of others, like the dog-sized Meniscotherium and Notharctus, one of the first primates.

Abundant fossil fragments indicate fishes were common for the first time.

Overall, the acanthodians ' jaws are presumed to have evolved from the first gill arch of some ancestral jawless fishes that had a gill skeleton made of pieces of jointed cartilage.

The first phase of the plan was to be a £ 90 million, enclosed African rainforest-themed sanctuary for a band of gorillas, a troop of chimpanzees, okapi, and a variety of tropical birds, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates, moving freely among lush vegetation.

* In Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, one of the “ sins ” of the Ninevites is that they slap people with fish, even slapping each other with fishes ( at which mention two Ninevites proceed to slap each other with increasingly huge fishes, cumulating with the second Ninevite crushing the first Ninevite with an impossibly large fish ).

Also, as the work progressed he made changes: in the first edition whales were classified as fishes, following the work of Linnaeus ' friend and " father of ichthyology " Peter Artedi ; in the 10th edition, published in 1758, whales were moved into the mammal class.

In the first edition, whales and the West Indian Manatee were classified among the fishes.

It appeared in the Upper Devonian ( Famennian ) about 365 million years ago, and was anatomically intermediate between lobe-finned fishes and the first tetrapods fully capable of coming onto land.

His first major work was Triassic fishes from Spitzbergen ( part I: Vienna 1921 ; part II: Stockholm 1925 ) was based on material collected during his expeditions to Spitzbergen in 1912, 1913, 1915 and 1916.

At first they were only feathers and dark indistinguishable faces and bodies, hunched over their horses' heads.

Two of the new hands, a Mexican named Jose Amado and a kid known only as Laredo, were picked for the first trick of riding night herd.

After the first two murders, the warning notes were rarely ignored.

Even the knowledge that she was losing another boy, as a mother always does when a marriage is made, did not prevent her from having the first carefree, dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into Bear Valley, way, way back there when they were crossing those other mountains.

Out of compulsion to say something cheery, Ben Prime blurted, `` Well, we were lucky to be on soft ground when the first floodheads hit.

His political opponent and lifetime friend, Thomas Jefferson, achieved immortality through his authorship of the Declaration of Independence, but equally notable were the legal and constitutional reforms he instituted in his native Virginia, his role as father of our territorial system, and his acquisition of the Louisiana Territory during his first term as President.

This is the primary function of the imagination operating in the absence of the original experiential stimulus by which the images were first appropriated.

Before being daughter, wife, or mother, before being cultured ( a word now bereft both socially and politically of the sheen you children of frontiersmen bestowed on it ), before being sorry for the poor, progressive about public health, and prettily if somewhat imprecisely humanitarian, indeed first and foremost, you were a lady.

Even the first wave of homesickness had passed, although there were moments when Captain Heard pointed out on his compass the direction of Bradford that she felt a little twinge at her heart.

When they were first written, there was evidently no thought of their being published, and those which refer to the writer's love for Mrs. Meynell particularly have the ring of truth.

The evening of our first day we drove with Christopher and Judy Sakellariadis, who were friends and patients of Norton, to dine at a restaurant on the shores of the Aegean.

So persistent were these attacks that in March of the following year, Woodruff was finally moved to action, and Pike was to learn his first lesson in frontier politics, the subtle art of diversion.

In the next few months of comparative silence, Pike waited patiently until conditions were perfect for a new attack, and then, displaying a remarkable grasp of the subtleties of political infighting, gained from his first bout with Woodruff, he used these changed conditions to excellent advantage.

Although this kind of wholesale objection came at first from some men who were not technically Puritans, still, once the Puritans gained power, they climaxed the affair by passing the infamous ordinance of 1642 which decreed that all `` public stage-plays shall cease and be forborne ''.

Our first impression of the data was that the students were surprisingly orthodox and religiously involved.

But all the reports of this first embassy show that the two Savoyards were the heads of it, for they were the only ones who were empowered to swear for the king that he would abide by the pope's decision and who were allowed to appoint deputies in the event that one was unavoidably absent.

the Low Countries, where the Middle Ages were to last for another two centuries and die out only when Charles the Bold of Burgundy met his first defeat in the fields and forests below the walls of Grandson.

It was the first American war in which the death rate from disease was lower than that from battle, due to the provision of trained medical personnel ( of the 200,000 officers, 42,000 were physicians ), compulsory vaccination, rigorous camp sanitation, and adequate hospital facilities.

There were several men of ninety or more whom I knew first or last, all of whom were still productive and most of whom knew one another as if they had naturally come together at the apex of their lives.

It met a serious rebuff in New Orleans, where the two schools selected for the first moves toward integration were boycotted by white parents.

These microfossils indicate the swamp was `` formed during the Lower Cretaceous period when dinosaurs were at their heyday and when the first flowering plants were just appearing.