By 1986, the contras were besieged by charges of corruption, human-rights abuses and military ineptitude.

By the time Gorbachev ushered in the process that would lead to the dismantling of the Soviet administrative command economy through his programs of glasnost ( political openness ), uskoreniye ( speed-up of economic development ) and perestroika ( political and economic restructuring ) announced in 1986, the Soviet economy suffered from both hidden inflation and pervasive supply shortages aggravated by an increasingly open black market that undermined the official economy.

By the mid-1980s, her record sales were still relatively strong, with " Save the Last Dance for Me ", " Downtown ", " Tennessee Homesick Blues " ( all 1984 ); " Real Love " ( another duet with Kenny Rogers ), " Don't Call It Love " ( both 1985 ); and " Think About Love " ( 1986 ) all reaching the country-singles Top 10.

* Government By Emergency, 1986 ( revised in 1992 ) ISBN 0-930462-05-X

By 1986, a market study concluded that mothers with young children rarely purchased Jello.

By 1986, Moi had concentrated all the power-and most of its attendant economic benefits-into the hands of his Kalenjin tribe and of a handful of allies from minority groups.

By early 1986, the band was defunct and Hay was working on his first solo album, Looking for Jack, which would feature participation from Alsop and Wackerman.

By 1986 the system was complete to the point of being able to run on its own on the DEC VAX.

By the end of 1986, hard-currency debt had reached more than USD 1 billion.

By 1986, the party's position appeared to strengthen further with excellent local election results and a thorough rebranding of the party under the direction of Kinnock's director of communications Peter Mandelson.

By 1986, for the first time since World War II, women students outnumbered men.

By 1986 China had nearly 3 million telephone exchange lines, including 34, 000 long-distance exchange lines with direct, automatic service to 24 cities.

By late 1986 fiber optic communications technology was being employed to relieve the strain on existing telephone circuits.

By the end of the 2005 season, Clemens had won seven Cy Young Awards ( he won the AL award in 1986,,,,, and, and the National League award in ), an MVP and two pitching triple crowns.

By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario ( born Miriam Bartolini ), with whom he subsequently had three children: Barbara ( b. 1984 ), Eleonora ( b. 1986 ) and Luigi ( b. 1988 ).

" By 1986, however, the number of live births had declined to 806, 041.

By late 1986, the Mikhail Gorbachev era was stressing anew the importance of individual rights in relation to the state and criticizing those who violated procedural law in implementing Soviet justice.

By 1986, although still very much a minority sport, commercial snowboards started appearing in leading French ski resorts.

By 1986 only 2, 157 remained in custody and only 39 were still being held in 1989 when they were released under the Esquipulas II agreement.

By 1986, outside organizations had begun asking for X. X10R2 was released in January 1986, then X10R3 in February 1986.

In Down By Law ( 1986 ) ( which in Italy had its title spelled " Daunbailò ", in Italian phonetics ) he played Bob, the innocent abroad, convicted for manslaughter, whose irrepressible good humour and optimism help him escape and find love ( also starring Braschi as his beloved.

By 1986 their releases began to establish the hip hop album as a fixture of the mainstream.

By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he devoted all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when finally staged the test game.

By 1783 her legions had managed to annex the Crimea amid scenes of wanton cruelty and now, in this second combat with the Crescent, were aiming at suzerainty over all of the Black Sea's northern shoreline.

By this point, standing up and saying ' no ' to the Black Hand was a dangerous act.

By the spring of 1917, many Black Hand leaders, including Apis, had been arrested.

By 14 he had already written a short adventure novel called The Black Diamonds which was lost for years until published in 2002.

By 1983 Bevan was expressing a desire to join Black Sabbath permanently and Lynne and Tandy were recording tracks for the Electric Dreams soundtrack under Jeff Lynne's name.

By the 3rd century, the Goths ruled a vast area north of the Black Sea from where they either through crossing the lower Danube or traveling by sea, raided the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus.

By the time he arrived, the Black Death had killed Alfonso and the threat of invasion had receded, so he turned the trip into a sight-seeing tour, traveling through Valencia and ending up in Granada.

By comparison, the Cole 30 and Colt Runabout were priced at US $ 1500, Kirk's Yale side-entrance US $ 1, 000, the high-volume Oldsmobile Runabout went for US $ 650, Western's Gale Model A was US $ 500, a Brush Runabout US $ 485, the Black started at $ 375, and the Success hit the amazingly low US $ 250.

By the late 1960s, the social progress achieved by groups in the United States such as the Black Civil Rights Movement ( 1955 – 68 ), had legitimized the racial identity word black as mainstream American English usage to denote black-skinned Americans of African ancestry.

By 1925, the Klan was a powerful political force in the state, as urban politicians such as J. Thomas Heflin, David Bibb Graves, and Hugo Black manipulated the KKK membership against the power of the " Big Mule " industrialists and especially the Black Belt planters who had long dominated the state.

By Karl Bodmer, aquatint made at Saint Louis, Missouri in March or April 1833 when Massika pleaded for the release of Chief Blackhawk following the Black Hawk War.

By the beginning of the 1st century, the Alans had occupied lands in the northeast Azov Sea area, along the Don and by the 2nd century had amalgamated or joined with the Yancai of the early Chinese records to extend their control all the way along the trade routes from the Black Sea to the north of the Caspian and Aral seas.

By 1776 the Lakota had overwhelmed the Cheyenne and taken over much of their territory near the Black Hills.

By 1060s, the tentative balance between the different ethnic groups within the Fatimid army collapsed as Egypt was suffering through a serious span of drought and famine, the declining resources accelerated the problems between the different ethnic factions and outright civil war began, primarily the Turks and Black African troops were fighting each other while the Berbers shifted alliance in between.

) By convention, a positive evaluation favors White, and a negative evaluation favors Black.

Justice Hugo Black stated: By this time, four states had a minimum voting age below 21.

By 1979, Black Flag were joined by other Los Angeles-area bands playing hardcore punk, including X, Fear, The Germs and the Circle Jerks ( featuring Black Flag's original singer, Keith Morris ).

By 1982, the Black Hawks squeaked into the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Norris Division ( at the time the top four teams in each division automatically made the playoffs ), and were one of the league's Cinderella teams that year.

The movie title is reported to have been the influence for the name of the popular annual live music festival South By Southwest in Austin, Texas, started in 1987, with the name idea coming from Louis Black, editor and co-founder of the local alternative weekly The Austin Chronicle as a play on the Hitchcock movie title.

By 1871, Whistler returned to portraits and soon produced his most famous painting, the nearly monochromatic full-length figure entitled Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, but usually, and incorrectly, referred to as Whistler's Mother.

Although the Eradicator's effects ( altering the DNA of all Kryptonian life-forms so that they would instantly die upon leaving the planet ) were felt immediately, the Destroyer's effects were possibly more significant: By the time the Kryptonian government admitted defeat and abolished the clone banks, a pro-clone rights terrorist faction known as Black Zero had started the Destroyer, a device which functioned as a giant nuclear gun, projecting massive streams of nuclear energy into the core of Krypton, intended to trigger an explosive chain reaction within Krypton's core almost immediately.

By 1371, the Black Prince was no longer able to perform his duties as Prince of Aquitaine, and returned to England, where plague was wreaking havoc.

By the early 1990s, the music associated with this experimentation had gained prominence with releases on a variety of record labels including Warp Records ( 1989 ), Black Dog Productions ( 1989 ), R & S Records ( 1989 ), Carl Craig's Planet E, Rising High Records ( 1991 ), Richard James's Rephlex Records ( 1991 ), Kirk Degiorgio's Applied Rhythmic Technology ( 1991 ), Eevo Lute Muzique ( 1991 ), General Production Recordings ( 1989 ), Soma Quality Recordings ( 1991 ), Peacefrog Records ( 1991 ), and Metamorphic Recordings ( 1992 ).