By the end of the 20th century, almost the only steam power still in regular use in North America and Western European countries was on heritage railways largely aimed at tourists and / or railroad hobbyists, known as ' railfans ' or ' railway enthusiasts ', although some narrow gauge lines in Germany which form part of the public transport system, running to all-year-round timetables retain steam for all or part of their motive power.

By the mid-1970s, hobbyists were experimenting with handheld radios and unauthorized American CB radios.

By that time a milestone in collecting had already occurred with the publication of " Decoy Collectors Guide ", a small magazine created by hobbyists Hal & Barbara Sorenson of Burlington, Iowa.

By the 1990s, programmable calculators were able to run implementations by hobbyists of games such as Lemmings and Doom ( Lemmings for HP-48 was released in 1993 ; Doom for HP-48 was created in 1995 ).

By this consideration atomic physics provides the underlying theory in plasma physics and atmospheric physics, even though both deal with very large numbers of atoms.

By a probably euphonic inversion the translator of Irenaeus and the other Latin authors have Abraxas, which is found in the magical papyri, and even, though most sparingly, on engraved stones.

By the mid-4th century however the assembly's judicial functions were largely curtailed, though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial.

By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other planes at the time.

By " art " we may frame several artistic " works " or " creations " as so though this reference remains within the institution or special event which creates it and this leaves some works or other possible " art " outside of the frame work, or other interpretations such as other phenomenon which may not be considered as " art ".

By 1792 the colony was well established, though Sydney remained an unplanned huddle of wooden huts and tents.

Morton wrote the column until 1975 ; it was revived in January 1996 and continues today, written by William Hartston, though the name " By the Way " has been dropped in favour of simply " Beachcomber ".

By the autumn of 1855, the royal apartments were ready, though the tower was still under construction and the servants had to be lodged in the old house.

By the time personal computers were produced, glass in the front panel ( the viewable portion of the CRT ) used barium rather than lead, though the rear of the CRT was still produced from leaded glass.

By 1910, the French film companies were starting to make films as long as two, or even three reels, though most were still one reel long.

By 1918 the use of the iris to begin and end sequences was starting to decrease in the United States, though in Europe it was just starting to become fashionable.

By 1918, two French mathematicians, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia, though working independently, arrived essentially simultaneously at results describing what are now seen as fractal behaviour associated with mapping complex numbers and iterative functions and leading to further ideas about attractors and repellors ( i. e., points that attract or repel other points ), which have become very important in the study of fractals ( see Figure 3 and Figure 4 ).

By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German President, Paul von Hindenburg, was able to dismiss a chancellor and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not.

By far the strongest hereditary claim was that of Edgar the Ætheling, but his youth and apparent lack of powerful supporters caused him to be passed over, and he did not play a major part in the struggles of 1066, though he was made king for a short time by the Witan after the death of Harold Godwinson.

By tradition, the pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts and Irish, though archaeology has suggested some official settlement as landed mercenaries as early as the 3rd century.

By contrast, incurring large or long-term debts ( though sometimes unavoidable ) is viewed as often resulting from irresponsibility or self-indulgence.

By the 18th century, the Kirk of Scotland no longer recognized marriages formed by mutual consent and subsequent sexual intercourse, even though the Scottish civil authorities did.

By the early 3rd century, Origen of Alexandria may have been using the same 27 books as in the modern New Testament, though there were still disputes over the canonicity of Hebrews, James, II Peter, II and III John, and Revelation Such works that were sometimes " spoken against " were called Antilegomena.

By the 1980s, though, as living standards increased, many instruments that were once too expensive to buy could be bought by the Taiwanese in preference to the harmonica.

By this solution though, any given object always has all the properties throughout time, and the properties are merely temporally-specific.

* Even though Eve had Adam for a husband, she was still a virgin ... By disobeying, Eve became the cause of death for herself and for the whole human race.

By the end of the year, he completed the manuscript for Astronomia nova, though it would not be published until 1609 due to legal disputes over the use of Tycho's observations, the property of his heirs.

" By the 1850s, though, this meaning of ‘ broomstick ’ had fallen out of currency and references to ‘ broomstick marriages ’ began to be interpreted literally, as though they had involved a couple actually jumping over a stick.

By forging Mathieu as an absolute rationalist, analyzing every situation, and functioning entirely on reason, he removed any strands of authentic content from his character and as a result, Mathieu could " recognize no allegiance except to self " ( Sartre 1942: 13 ), though he realized that without " responsibility for my own existence, it would seem utterly absurd to go on existing " ( Sartre 1942: 14 ).

By `` image '' is meant not only a visual presentation, but also remembered sensations of any of the five senses plus the feelings which are immediately conjoined therewith.

By virtue of his self-reliance, his individualism and his freedom from external restraint, the private eye is a perfect embodiment of the middle class conception of liberty, which amounts to doing what you please and let the devil take the hindmost.

By upholding his own personal code of behavior, the private detective has placed himself in opposition to a society whose fabric is permeated with crime and corruption.

By our policy the West was -- is -- split.

By law this is 75% for the Virgin Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.

By law this is 70% for the Virgin Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.

By this standard, it is determined that where two stations operating on the same frequency are involved, objectionable interference from station A exists at any point within the service area of station B where station A's signal is of an intensity one-twentieth or more of the strength of station B's signal at that point.

By this time Henri's entire chest-back-lat-shoulder area is pumped-up to almost bursting point, and Claude takes time to do a bit more pectoral-front deltoid shaping work.

By this scheme, pulling one signal to clear locks all the other switch and signal levers in safe positions until the first signal is again restored to normal.

By lifting the seat upwards a little, the weight is taken off the neck and the back is kept rounded.

By the middle of the summer, many of the larvae apparently receive such a good diet that it is `` optimal '', and it is then that young queens begin to appear.

By Theorem 10, D is a diagonalizable operator which we shall call the diagonalizable part of T.

By ( 1 ), the image of this pencil is a ruled surface of order Af which is met by the plane of the pencil in a curve, C, of order Af.

By means of this social control, deviance is either eliminated or somehow made compatible with the function of the social group.

By the time the child first attacks the actual problem of reading, he is completely familiar and at ease with all of the elements of words.

By this time there is little doubt but what election plans were complete.

By the very nature of the situation, it is the union which has been able to select the time and place to bring pressure upon management.

By all means the most important distinction is that between those total-cost apportionments which superimpose a distribution of admittedly unallocable cost residues on estimates of incremental or marginal costs, and those other apportionments which recognize no difference between true cost allocation and mere total-cost distribution.

By airline from Concord to Burlington is a distance of about 150 miles, counting a slight deviation for the stop at either Barre or Montpelier.

By using instruments of gradually increasing size, the vagina is gently, and with minimum pain at each stage, taught to yield to an object of the appropriate shape.

By means of charts showing wave-travel times and depths in the ocean at various locations, it is possible to estimate the rate of approach and probable time of arrival at Hawaii of a tsunami getting under way at any spot in the Pacific.