By contrast, electoral politics, diplomacy, negotiation, and arbitration are not usually described as direct action, as they are politically mediated.

As Mark L. Sargent states: " By bringing the young from Plymouth Plantation and the ancients from Of Plymouth Plantation into ' dialogue ,'... Bradford wisely dramatizes the act of historical recovery as a negotiation between the two generations, between his young readers and his text.

By 1971 a price system governing exchanges among members had developed, under which prices agreed on through negotiation were fixed for five-year periods ( corresponding to those of the synchronized, five-year plans of the members ).

By 1871, though, 700, 000 head of cattle caused a market glut, which King avoided by personal negotiation in Abilene.

By the mid-1960s, the country had suffered some two hundred thousand assassinations ; from 1946 to 1966, la Violencia had occurred in five stages: ( i ) resumption of political violence, before and after the presidential election of 1946 ; ( ii ) popular urban insurrection responding to the Gaitán assassination ; ( iii ) guerrilla warfare — first against the Conservative government of Ospina Pérez ; ( iv ) incomplete pacification and negotiation from army General Rojas Pinilla, who deposed Laureano Gómez ; and ( v ) disjointed fighting under the Liberal – Conservative coalition of the " National Front ," from 1958 to 1975.

By the end of December, Henry Jerningham wrote that the secret of Knight's negotiation had not been well kept, and that the Emperor had written to the pope accordingly.

By planning interchange points with the two large railroads, Page could anticipate competition and negotiation of fair rates with the only two big railroads nearby.

By December, 1958, when ' Abdallah Ibrahim became President of the Council, elections had even greater importance.

By the late 11th century, the Islamic Sayfawa ( Saifawa ) dynasty was founded by Humai ( Hummay ) ibn Salamna.

By 1719 dynastic succession led to the nomination of Saif ibn Sultan II.

By the 8th century, a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea, but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction — either Trajan or ' Amr ibn al -' As, or Omar the Great.

By the 15th century, its authority in the Spanish Jewish community was such that Joseph ibn Shem-Tov drew from it arguments in his attacks against Maimonides, and even representatives of non-mystical Jewish thought began to assert its sacredness and invoke its authority in the decision of some ritual questions.

By 1617, political changes in the Ottoman sultanate had resulted in the removal of many of Fakhr-al-Din's enemies from power, allowing Fahkr-al-Din's return to Lebanon, whereupon he was able quickly to reunite all the lands of Lebanon beyond the boundaries of its mountains ; and having revenge from Emir Yusuf Pasha ibn Siyfa, attacking his stronghold in Akkar, destroying his palaces and taking control of his lands, and regaining the territories he had to give up in 1613 in Sidon, Tripoli, Bekaa among others.

By the ninth century, ibn Khordadbeh noted the travels of Jewish merchants called Radhanites, whose trade took them to China via the Silk Road through Central Asia and India.

By contrast, the chronicler al-Musabbihi recounts that in 981, al-Ḥākim's Muslim mother sought the aid of an imprisoned Islamic sage named ibn al-Washa and asked him to pray for her son who had fallen ill.

By Shāhnavāz Khān Awrangābādī, Baini Prashad, ʻAbd al-Ḥayy ibn Shāhnavāz, Page no. 447 < REF > its original name being Asa Ahir Garh.

By the instructions of Walid Bin Merwan, the governor of Medina, Ali was poisoned by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

" Abd Allah ibn Mas ' ud is reported to have said: " By the One other than whom there is no God on this earth there is no one more deserving of long imprisonment that the tongue.

# Sharh Ibn Battaal By Abu al-Hasan ' Ali ibn Khalaf ibn ' Abd al-Malik ( died: 449H ); published in 10 volumes with an additional volume containing indexes ;

By 1735 he had extended his rule to include Nazareth, Majd ibn Amr and Nablus.

By the beginning of the 12th century a Jew, Abu al-Munajja ibn Sha ' yah, was at the head of the Department of Agriculture.

By tradition, Hasan ibn Ali used to say that the testimony of four companions will not be accepted and those four are Mu ' awiya, Amr bin Aas, Mugheera ( bin Shuba ) and Ziyad ( bin Abi Sufyan ).

By the summer of 1944, victories in the Southwest and Central Pacific had brought the war closer to Japan, with American bombers able to strike at the Japanese main islands from air bases secured during the Mariana Islands campaign ( June — August 1944 ).

By the end of his reign, Diocletian had secured the entire length of the Danube, provided it with forts, bridgeheads, highways, and walled towns, and sent fifteen or more legions to patrol the region ; an inscription at Sexaginta Prista on the Lower Danube extolled restored tranquilitas at the region.

By the end of October, Allen was again off New York, where the British, having secured the city, moved the prisoners on-shore, and, as he was considered an officer, gave Allen limited parole.

By the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Romans had secured the whole of the Italian peninsula, except Gallia Cisalpina ( Po Valley ).

By 1288 the city had secured its independence from the archbishop ( who relocated to Bonn ), and was ruled by its burghers.

By the time of his death in 1891, Canada had secured most of the territory it occupies today.

As for the contradiction between German rearmament and his message of peace, Ribbentrop argued to whoever would listen that the German people had been “ humiliated ” by the Versailles treaty, that Germany wanted peace above all, and German violations of Versailles were part of an effort to restore Germany's " self-respect " By the 1930s, much of British opinion had been convinced that the treaty was monstrously unfair and unjust to Germany, so as a result, many in Britain like Thomas Jones were very open to Ribbentrop ’ s message that if only Versailles could be done away with, then European peace would be secured.

By excluding the Bavarian line of Ottonians from the line of succession, Otto's son and successor Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor strengthened Imperial authority and secured his own son's succession to the Imperial throne.

By December 1979, Muzerowa had replaced Smith as Prime Minister and secured a a fresh agreement with the more militant African factions, allowing Rhodesia to briefly revert to her colonial status pending popular elections.

By this time, Kekkonen had secured the backing of most political parties, but the major right-wing National Coalition Party, which Kekkonen had opposed, was still skeptical, and stood in the way of the required 5 / 6 majority.

By encoding the control signals, voice transmission can be secured against interception.

By the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the chief writing materials were clay tablets, silk cloth, and rolled scrolls made from bamboo strips sewn together with hempen string ; these were passed through drilled holes and secured with clay stamps.

By November 1529, he had secured a seat in Parliament as a member for Taunton and was reported to be in favour with the King.

By 2 October 1724, Bering ( retaining the rank of first captain he had secured earlier in the year ) was back on the sea, commanding the ninety-gun Lesnoe.

By finishing sixth in the Western Conference, with a record of 47 – 35 ( their highest finish since the team left Buffalo ), they benefited from the current NBA playoff format of regular season records taking precedence over winning the division, and secured home court advantage over the Denver Nuggets instead of traveling to Denver for four games as a No. 6 seed would usually be expected to do.

By the end of the campaign, Athletic had secured a return to European competition by finishing in sixth place.

By the constitution of Basset, large advantages were secured to the tailleur, that is, literally, the dealer, or keeper of the bank, and so vast were his gains, that the privilege of keeping a bank at Basset, where the stakes were unlimited, was granted only to cadets or other members of great families, it being certain that a considerable fortune must be realised by the tailleur in a short time.

By its fairness in the presentation of news, editorial moderation and ample foreign service, it secured a high place in American journalism, becoming widely read and influential throughout the United States.

By 1808, Abijah Smith secured a patent for coal lands on the east side of the creek.

By the end of that month, he had secured the support of 6 TDs.

By 1314, Yury secured backing from the Metropolitan Peter and formed an alliance with Novgorod against Tver.

By 1966, Ralphs, Tippins, and Watts ( the latter now on bass ) had come together in a band called The Doc Thomas Group, and soon secured a residency at a club in a resort town in Italy.

By contrast Sinn Féin claims to have secured the abolition of the 11 + and a veto over any system which might follow it.

By 10: 00, Napoleon was pleased to notice that the bridgehead had been completely secured and that all enemy attempts to destroy the bridges had failed.

By 962, the Hamdanids had asked for a peace treaty with favorable terms for Byzantines, that secured the borders for some years.