By the early 17th century, there were some 500 encomiendas in Ecuador.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the end of the Roman Empire, having undergone Christian attack and repression, Epicureanism had all but died out, and would be resurrected in the 17th century by the atomist Pierre Gassendi, who adapted it to the Christian doctrine.

By the early 17th century, the island and its smaller neighbors ( notably Tortuga ) became regular stopping points for Caribbean pirates.

By the 17th century, Osei Kofi Tutu I ( c. 1695 – 1717 ), with help of Okomfo Anokye, unified what became the Ashante into a confederation with the Golden Stool as a symbol of their unity and spirit.

By the 17th century, the Maravi Empire encompassed all the area between Lake Malawi and the mouth of the Zambezi River.

By the middle of the 17th century, plays such as Robert Davenport's King John and Matilda, although based largely on the earlier Elizabethan works, were transferring the role of Protestant champion to the barons and focusing more on the tyrannical aspects of John's behaviour.

By the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the clavichord and the harpsichord were well known.

By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming Dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order.

By the 17th century the influence of Renaissance painting resulted in Russian icons becoming slightly more realistic, while still following most of the old icon painting canons, as seen in the works of Bogdan Saltanov, Simon Ushakov, Gury Nikitin, Karp Zolotaryov and other Russian artists of the era.

By the 17th century, wooden wagonways were common in the United Kingdom for transporting coal from mines to canal wharfs for transshipment to boats.

By the 17th century, with the growing use of firearms and the accompanying decline in the use of armour, many rapiers and dueling swords had developed elaborate basket hilts, which protect the palm of the wielder and rendered the gauntlet obsolete.

By the 17th century, the city of Skopje had a diverse religious population which included Orthodox Christians, Muslims, Roman Catholics and Jews.

By the later 17th century, however, English dramatists ( under the influence of French criticism picked up by those in exile during the English Interregnum ) did begin to assess their own plays according to these rules.

By the 17th century, water pump designs had improved to the point that they produced measurable vacuums, but this was not immediately understood.

By the start of the 17th century ' jachts ' came in two broad categories-speel-jachts for sport and oorlog-jachts for naval duties.

By the middle of the 17th century the Realm of Sweden had reached its greatest territorial extent and was one of the great powers of Europe.

By the end of the Roman Empire, having undergone Christian attack and repression, Epicureanism had all but died out, and would be resurrected in the 17th century by the atomist Pierre Gassendi, who adapted it to the Christian doctrine.

By means of the slave trade it came to the American continent, probably in the 17th century.

By the late 17th century, however, the Ottoman Empire's military misfortunes caught up with the country, and the conclusion of the Great Turkish War with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 once again made Bosnia the empire's westernmost province.

By the middle of the 17th century the Carmelites had reached their zenith.

By the 1997 – 98 season, Fox had 3 shows in the Nielsen Top 20, The X-Files which ranked 11th, King of the Hill which ranked 15th, and The Simpsons which ranked 17th.

By the late 17th century, the electorate of the three seats comprised the resident freemen of Monmouth, Newport and Usk, and after the Great Reform Act of 1832 the constituency was generally referred to as the Monmouth Boroughs.

By the 17th century, Canterbury's population was 5, 000 ; of whom 2, 000 were French-speaking Protestant Huguenots, who had begun fleeing persecution and war in the Spanish Netherlands in the mid-16th century.

By the 19th Century, this body of legislation included some 10, 000 norms.

By the early 20th Century, aether theory was in trouble.

By circa 1980 the use of a " record changer ", which might scuff up or otherwise damage the discs, was widely disparaged, so the " turntable " emerged triumphant and retained its position to the end of the 20th Century and beyond.

By the beginning of the 1st Century BC, the Rex Sacrorum was all but forgotten and the pontifex maximus given almost complete religious authority over the Roman religion.

By the 15th Century, pattens became popular by both men and women in Europe.

By the end of the 19th Century, except for the presence of the naval and military facilities, Bermuda was thought of by non-Bermudians and Bermudians alike as a quiet, rustic backwater, completely at odds with the role it had played in the development of the English-speaking Atlantic world, a change that had begun with American independence.

By the middle of the 5th Century, St. Eucherius of Lyon mentions the martyrdom of St. Ursus and St. Victor and a cult of saints in Solothurn.

By the second half of the 16th Century, the political voice of citizens was nearly totally suppressed.

By the second half of the 17th Century, the government was run by a small group of patricians.

By this time, he was both an antisemite-influenced by Houston Stewart Chamberlain's book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century ( one of the key proto-Nazi books of racial theory )-and an anti-bolshevik ( as a result of his family's exile ).

" By the 1960s, Pocket Books alone, over the course of more than forty printings, had sold several million copies of " Lost Horizon " helping to make it one of the best-loved and most enduring novels of the 20th Century.

By the 19th Century BCE, Harran was established as a merchant outpost due to its ideal location.

By the end of the 20th Century, FDM voice circuits had become rare.

By the mid-17th Century the Mescaleros expanded their territory to the Plains Navajos and Pueblos from the Guadalupes, and El Paso del Norte.

By the mid-17th Century the Mescaleros expanded their territory to the Plains Navajos and Pueblos from the Guadalupes, and El Paso del Norte.

By the early part of the 19th Century North Stonington ’ s residents began to regard themselves as possessing a character separate from the communities of the southern part of the town to which they were still connected.

By the 19th Century the city of St Davids had become isolated and neglected and was described thus in the Penny Cyclopaedia:

By some accounts it was founded by Franciscan friars as early as the early 18th Century and called Nuestra Senora De La Luz ( Our Lady of the Light ).

By the end of the 19th Century, industry came to the town in the form of brick kilns, potash mining and gypsum mining.

By the end of the 19th Century, the town was becoming famous as a sportsman's paradise.

By the end of the 19th Century, the town became the locale for sanatoriums intended for tuberculosis ( TB ) cures.

By the end of the 18th Century, town was noted for wood products such as paper and lead pencils.

By the final years of the 19th Century, Shandaken had developed the tourist industry which is still the most important part of its economy.

By 1910, the population was below 300 and it dropped steadily throughout the first half of the 20th Century.