By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid to late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs were hits.

By mid century, the cooperative Christian Churches and the independent Christian Churches were following different paths.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the mid 1970s, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector ; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By mid July, North Korean troops overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units defending South Korea and forced them back to a defensive perimeter in south-east South Korean known as the Pusan Perimeter.

By the mid to late-1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.

By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

By the 8th century, a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea, but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction — either Trajan or ' Amr ibn al -' As, or Omar the Great.

" By the mid -' 60s, the superheroes were back in full force " with Mighty Comics Presents and The Mighty Crusaders, featuring " all of Archie's superhero characters teaming up for epic adventures " under the new imprint Mighty Comics ( alternately known as Radio Comics ).

By the mid -' 70s, Matchbox was again a force on the world market, having completed the transition and having even updated its line to include some fantasy vehicles.

By the time Green was twelve, he had written ten more songs, and Time magazine ran a short piece about Green in an article about aspiring young rock -' n '- roll singers, referring to him as Decca Records ' " prepubescent dreamboat ".

By eighteen, Henderson was active on the Detroit jazz scene of the mid -' 50s, playing in jam sessions with visiting New York stars.

By the mid -' 60s Harrison Marks was increasingly preoccupied by film making.

By the mid -' 90s it had largely vanished.

: Contents: Publisher's Note ; Timeline ; Preface: ' how I Came To Write '; A Life Well Lived: An Introduction To Jim Corbett By Lord Hailey ; Section One: The Unpublished Corbett-The Night Jar's Egg ; ' one Of Us '; From My Jungle Camp ; The Rudraprayag Letters ; Corbett On The Man-Eating Leopard Of Rudraprayag ; The Making Of Corbett's My India: Correspondence With His Editors ; ' shooting ' Tigers: Corbett And The Camera ; Wildlife In The Village: An Environmental Appeal ; An Englishman In India ; Life In Kenya ; Section Two: Corbett And His Audience -' The Artlessness Of His Art '; The Man Revealed: Corbett In His Writings ; The Universal Appeal Of Jim Corbett: Letters And Reviews ; Deliverance For Rudraprayag: Reactions To The Slaying Of The Man-Eating Leopard By Corbett ; Corbett's Influence: Man-Eaters Of Kumaon And The Chindwara Court Case ; Epigraph

In his words: " By the mid -' 50s just about every big corporation had adopted the so-called staff-and-line structure.

By the mid -' 60s through the end of its life, the station tried to emulate the management structure of a typical AM rocker of the day, with an appointed General Manager, Program Director, Music Director, and other management positions.

Muhammad Muhsin Khan: By Al -' Asr ( the time ).

By the end of the ' 05 -' 06 season, Kaman averaged 11. 9 points, 9. 6 rebounds and 1. 38 blocks in 32. 8 minutes per game, appearing in 78 games ( 78 starts ).

By the mid -' 70s, the station had begun a series of ownership and format changes that continued on a fairly regular basis.

By the mid -' 90s, AM music stations in general were all but extinct: KIIS 1150 had stopped playing rap / funk, KWNK was Spanish, XPRS had abandoned their long-running nightly fifties program, San Diego's KKLQ ended its simulcast on the super 600 frequency and 69 Extra Gold had long since gone talk.

By the beginnings of the 80s, lowering of costs in microcontroller electronics made direct drive turntables more affordable.

By the early 80s, the Kinks revived their commercial fortunes considerably by adopting a much more mainstream arena rock style ; and the band's four remaining studio albums for Arista — Low Budget ( 1979 ), Give the People What They Want ( 1981 ), State of Confusion ( 1983 ) and Word of Mouth ( 1984 )— showcased a decidedly canny and opportunistic approach.

By the end of the 80s there was only one runway, 08 / 26.

By July, it had been confirmed that they would be billed as Twelfth Night, and in September, a 2nd gig was added and both Andy Revell and Brian Devoil were revealed as part of the line-up, with Mark Spencer ( formerly the vocalist in 80s prog band LaHost, Andy Sears ' one time flatmate, and an old friend of the band ) replacing Rick Battersby.

By the end of the ' 80s and early ' 90s, Afrobeat had diversified by taking in new influences from jazz and rock and roll.

By the 80s, Nigerian reggae stars included The Mandators, Ras Kimono, Majek Fashek, whose 1988 cover of Bob Marley's " Redemption Song ", became an unprecedented success for reggae in Nigeria.

By the end of 80s, several metal groups formed in Turkey such as Mezarkabul ( Pentagram ), Diken, Volvox and Dr. Skull.

By the 1970s, the small-block Chevy was the most common option, and since the ' 80s, the Chevy has been almost ubiquitous.

* Anarchism and the Movement for a New Society: Direct Action and Prefigurative Community in the 1970s and 80s By Andrew Cornell

By 966, Einon had replaced his father as leader of the war band and during the 970s and 80s Einon continued to try to conquer Morgannwg.

By 1976, the station had expanded to a 20-hour broadcast day, airing cartoons like the made for TV Popeye episodes, the pre-1941 Porky Pig shorts, and the post-1948 Bugs Bunny shorts ; classic sitcoms like Dennis the Menace, Gilligan's Island and The Brady Bunch ( the latter two would move to WTCG / WTBS in the 80s ), family dramas, westerns, and religious programming ( including The 700 Club twice a day ) on weekdays.

By the end of the 80s, the humanities professors were linked mainly to the Department of Scientific and Philosophical Foundations of Education.

By the late ' 70s and early ' 80s Mann had become active in the international anti-apartheid movement and was banned from entering South Africa, the country in which he had been born.

By the 80s, the festival had grown to be a major event, attracting up to 65, 000 in 1984, but it was covered by only brief reports in the mainstream press.

By the end of the 1990s many recognisable sub-genres, most with their origins in the late 80s alternative movement, were included under the umbrella of indie.

By the 80s, the Board was supplying the whole peninsula with electricity, strategically replacing the Perak River Hydro Electric Power company ( PRHEP ) and its subsidiary Kinta Electrical Distribution Co. Ltd ( KED ) in 1982, Penang Municipality in 1976, and areas supplied by Huttenbach Ltd in 1964, which included Alor Setar, Sungai Petani, Kulim, Lunas, Padang Serai, Telok Anson, Langkap, Tampin and Kuala Pilah.

Some examples are the rock band Athlete, the country band Lonestar, the British progressive rock bands Muse and Pendragon, the New Age musical project Amethystium and the 80s influenced hardcore metal band Blessed By A Broken Heart.

By the late ' 80s a group of thirty artists had organized themselves into an organization called Northwest Crafts Alliance.

By the early 80s, North Korea needed a flight-test facility for its program to reverse-engineer and produce copies of the Scud-B which it acquired from the Soviet Union in the late 60s.

" By the early ' 80s, Europeans were experimenting with " ski-bobs " that mounted on two small skis.

By the end of the 80s, he became one of the leaders of national movement along with Merab Kostava and Zviad Gamsakhurdia.

By Late 70s and early 80s Zinga completely turned into a family based musical band and was often compared to the famous bands in the west like BeeGees, Beatles, Abba & Boney M.

By the early 80s the writing was on the wall for cine film as a mass media item, though even to the present day all the film formats mentioned above are still supported with new film stock and processing-albeit on a much smaller scale.

By the late ' 80s, insurance rates on two-seater cars were also rising.