By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid to late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs were hits.

By mid century, the cooperative Christian Churches and the independent Christian Churches were following different paths.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the mid 1970s, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector ; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By mid July, North Korean troops overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units defending South Korea and forced them back to a defensive perimeter in south-east South Korean known as the Pusan Perimeter.

By the mid to late-1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.

By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

By the 8th century, a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea, but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction — either Trajan or ' Amr ibn al -' As, or Omar the Great.

" By the mid -' 60s, the superheroes were back in full force " with Mighty Comics Presents and The Mighty Crusaders, featuring " all of Archie's superhero characters teaming up for epic adventures " under the new imprint Mighty Comics ( alternately known as Radio Comics ).

By the mid -' 70s, Matchbox was again a force on the world market, having completed the transition and having even updated its line to include some fantasy vehicles.

By the time Green was twelve, he had written ten more songs, and Time magazine ran a short piece about Green in an article about aspiring young rock -' n '- roll singers, referring to him as Decca Records ' " prepubescent dreamboat ".

By the mid -' 80s, his partner wanted out so a portion of the chain was sold to Pietro's Pizzas, which itself had just been bought by the Campbell Soup Co.

By eighteen, Henderson was active on the Detroit jazz scene of the mid -' 50s, playing in jam sessions with visiting New York stars.

By the mid -' 60s Harrison Marks was increasingly preoccupied by film making.

: Contents: Publisher's Note ; Timeline ; Preface: ' how I Came To Write '; A Life Well Lived: An Introduction To Jim Corbett By Lord Hailey ; Section One: The Unpublished Corbett-The Night Jar's Egg ; ' one Of Us '; From My Jungle Camp ; The Rudraprayag Letters ; Corbett On The Man-Eating Leopard Of Rudraprayag ; The Making Of Corbett's My India: Correspondence With His Editors ; ' shooting ' Tigers: Corbett And The Camera ; Wildlife In The Village: An Environmental Appeal ; An Englishman In India ; Life In Kenya ; Section Two: Corbett And His Audience -' The Artlessness Of His Art '; The Man Revealed: Corbett In His Writings ; The Universal Appeal Of Jim Corbett: Letters And Reviews ; Deliverance For Rudraprayag: Reactions To The Slaying Of The Man-Eating Leopard By Corbett ; Corbett's Influence: Man-Eaters Of Kumaon And The Chindwara Court Case ; Epigraph

In his words: " By the mid -' 50s just about every big corporation had adopted the so-called staff-and-line structure.

By the mid -' 60s through the end of its life, the station tried to emulate the management structure of a typical AM rocker of the day, with an appointed General Manager, Program Director, Music Director, and other management positions.

Muhammad Muhsin Khan: By Al -' Asr ( the time ).

By the end of the ' 05 -' 06 season, Kaman averaged 11. 9 points, 9. 6 rebounds and 1. 38 blocks in 32. 8 minutes per game, appearing in 78 games ( 78 starts ).

By the mid -' 70s, the station had begun a series of ownership and format changes that continued on a fairly regular basis.

By the mid -' 90s, AM music stations in general were all but extinct: KIIS 1150 had stopped playing rap / funk, KWNK was Spanish, XPRS had abandoned their long-running nightly fifties program, San Diego's KKLQ ended its simulcast on the super 600 frequency and 69 Extra Gold had long since gone talk.

By the ' 90s, even the solo success of members Phil Collins and Mike Rutherford was being held against the group, by then one of the best-known rock acts in the world.

" By the 1980 / 90s, the neighborhood became mostly Dominican.

By the early ' 90s, both Ken and Scott had moved from Las Vegas to Los Angeles.

By the mid 90s, 72-pin SIMMs had replaced 30-pin SIMMs in new-build computers, and were starting to themselves be replaced by DIMMs.

By the end of the ' 80s and early ' 90s, Afrobeat had diversified by taking in new influences from jazz and rock and roll.

By the late ' 90s, increasing competition from better-funded national chains, leasing difficulties at some mall locations and what Bean describes in hindsight as several " bad decisions " combined to push Pizza Haven into filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

By the mid ' 90s, " underground " cassettes were being sold in commercial music stores.

By the 1880s and ' 90s, Clinton Avenue was lined with mansions of millionaires, many of which have survived to the present day.

By late 90s / early 00s a number of new companies entered the traction kite market that had prior experience with development of paragliders, and used this knowledge and experience for the developmment of traction kites.

The AIDS Survival project writes, " By the late ' 90s, ACT UP San Francisco developed a very different philosophy concerning AIDS treatment and began to align itself with groups that believe HIV does not cause AIDS and that it is the use of anti-HIV medications which make people get sick and die.

By the late 90s, the encoding problem had been almost completely resolved, due to increasing support from software manufacturers and Internet service providers.

By the summer of ' 89 the term " Eurobeat " was replaced by other labels and the music changed to 90s Eurodance and mostly Euro house.

By the end of the 90s, however, almost all four-door hardtops disappeared, as structural integrity standards continued to increase.

By the late ' 90s and into the early 2000s, the band had become heavily influenced by hip-hop music, leading to the heavy production of the entire album, a collaboration with hip-hop veterans Naughty by Nature that appeared on the rap group's 1999 album, and the Viva Nueva!

By 2010, dress up games had changed ; graphics and game play have dramatically improved from the 90s.

By the end the fleet included several Class 47s, a group of Class 86s, a single Class 87 ( 87101 ), a fleet of Class 90s, and Class 92s, most of which were in store awaiting acceptance.

By the early ‘ 90s, the era of punk rock and grunge, Secor and Fuqua were " learning to play antiquated unamplified instruments and borrowing songs from their fathers ,’ grandfathers ’ and even great-grandfathers ’ generations.

By the end of 90s, the band had stopped performing and recording.

By the 90s many of these classes were in turn replaced by various boardsailing classes and Optimist dinghies.

* By the 90s, Kibon was made by the Swiss company Mövenpick.

Club wrote: " By April 2002, the dot-com bubble of the late ' 90s had been popped for a couple of years, taking with it myriad Internet start-ups.

By the late 90s, the Naza Group, expanded its business to include automotive distribution after capturing its first franchise from South Korean carmaker, Kia Motors Corp.

By the end of the ' 90s EVR found itself with an impressive stable of hardcore and punk bands, having added Bane, Trial, Converge and Saves the Day to its roster in the latter part of the decade.

By the early ' 90s Hoover claimed to have renounced his violent criminal past and became an urban political celebrity in Chicago, and the GDs earned fans in the community with charity events and peaceful protests.