By the mid-to late eighth century a new alphabet system was adopted from the Phoenicians by a Greek with first-hand experience of it.

By unapologetically ignoring most of the pop-tunes that were the de-facto repertoire of most of the swing bands of the mid-to late-1930's, and stubbornly sticking to playing many older jazz standards with zeal and in the spirit of their tradition ,-all brilliantly translated into a big-band context-the band and especially the Bob-Cats presaged the traditional jazz revival of the 1940s.

By mid-to late-1890, over a two-month period, she had been visited by all but one of her elder children.

By late afternoon the train inched into the marshaling yards in the railhead at Lublin, which was filled with lines of cars poised to pour the tools of war to the Russian front.

By the time Felix turned up it was early afternoon, which, one would think, would be late enough so that by then, except for small children and a few hardy souls who had not yet sobered up, it could have been expected that people would no longer be having any sort of active interest in the previous night's noisemakers and paper hats.

By late January, the plague is in full retreat, and the townspeople begin to celebrate the imminent opening of the town gates.

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

By late 1053 Ealdred was once more in royal favour.

By the late 1960s he had started to become interested in scientific areas outside of mathematics.

By late 1983 it was clear that IBM's Token Ring would not be ready in time for the launch of the Mac, and might miss the launch of these other products as well.

By the late 1940s it was known that the properties of atomic nucleus could not be explained by the then-current models ( such as the liquid drop model developed by Niels Bohr amongst others ).

By the late 1980s, the cellular industry's subscriber base had grown into the millions across America and it became necessary to add channels for additional capacity.

By the late 19th century, two problems were identified before heavier-than-air flight could be realized.

By the late 1960s, the area of LAFTA had a population of 220 million and produced about $ 90 billion of goods and services annually.

By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By late 1994, it appeared that Brazil's arms industry would not disappear completely.

By the late nineteenth century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States.

By the time the offensive was ready in late October, Eighth Army had 231, 000 men on its ration strength.

By the late 1920s Potter and her Hill Top farm manager Tom Storey had made a name for their prize-winning Herdwick flock.

By now the rebel forces were said to have numbered 230, 000, however, this number should be treated with scepticism — Dio's account is known only from a late epitome, and ancient sources commonly exaggerate enemy numbers.

By the late 1950s, the once-prosperous port area of downtown Manhattan was occupied by a number of dilapidated shipping piers, casualties of the rise of container shipping which drove sea traffic to Port Elizabeth, New Jersey.

By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use " Big Apple " and were using it outside of a horse-racing context.

By late February 1896, supplies on both sides were running low.

By the late 1750s there were flourishing centers of the new style in Italy, Vienna, Mannheim, and Paris ; dozens of symphonies were composed and there were " bands " of players associated with theatres.

By the late 19th century, square dances too had fallen out of favor, except in rural areas.

By the late Bronze Age, however, a series of treaties had established safe passage for merchants around the Eastern Mediterranean, spreading from Minoan Crete and Mycenae in the northwest to Elam and Bahrain in the southeast.

By the late 19th century, as a result of the faster shipping, expanding fishery and industrialization of the island, exchanges of people between the island of Newfoundland and Cape Breton increased beginning a cultural exchange that continues to this day.

By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms.

By the end of the 16th century, Bethlehem had become one of the largest villages in the District of Jerusalem, and was subdivided into seven quarters.

By the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile, and the territory became a colony from 1540 to 1818, when it gained independence from Spain.

By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants.

By the 16th century the vihuela's construction had more in common with the modern guitar, with its curved one-piece ribs, than with the viols, and more like a larger version of the contemporary four-course guitars.

By the 21st century, the Netherlands had become a modern, dynamic country with a successful, internationally oriented economy ( the 16th largest in the world in 2010 ) and a high standard of living.

By the beginning of the 16th century the Libyan coast had minimal central authority and its harbours were havens for pirates.

By the 16th century western Afghanistan again revereted to Persian rule under the Safavid dynasty.

By the end of the 16th century, Oyo had added the western region of the Niger to the hills of Togo, the Yoruba of Ketu, Dahomey, and the Fon nation.

By the 16th century, the manikongo held authority from the Atlantic in the west to the Kwango River in the east.

By the 16th century, the Dutch East India Company established a replenishing station at Table Bay for restocking water and purchasing meat from the Khoikhoi.

By the 16th century, the rulers of Moscow considered the entire Russian territory their collective property.

By the 16th century, harpsichord makers in Italy were making lightweight instruments with low string tension.

By the 16th century Germanic dominance in the region was increasingly challenged by other powers.

By the 16th century, the central highlands had been largely cleared of their original forests.

By the time of European contact in the 16th century, the region was settled by the villages of the Pueblo peoples and groups of Navajo, Apache and Ute.

By the 14th century, the form further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch, whose sonnets were later translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature.

By the 16th century, men were known to rip up rosemary bushes to show that they, not their wives, ruled the roost.

By the end of the 16th century, Italy had absorbed the northern influences, with Venice, Rome, and other cities being centers of musical activity, reversing the situation from a hundred years earlier.

By the middle of the 16th century, the rediscovered Roman law dominated the legal practice in a lot of European countries.

By the 16th century, they were an essential and regularized part of any campaigning army, or castle's defences.

By the 16th century, a tradition had developed based on observational incidents, true or false, that the black objects found widely scattered in large quantities over Europe had fallen from the sky during thunderstorms and were therefore to be considered generated by lightning.

By the 16th century the word theosophy was being used in at least one of its current meanings.

By the action of the Emperor Maximilian and of other German princes they were, in the 16th century, once more restricted to Westphalia, and here, too, they were brought under the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts, and finally confined to mere police duties.