Michael Angold notes that the ideology of the period displays Byzantium's ability to react and adapt to changing cultural and political circumstances, including exile, and that the ideological developments of this period were, for the most part, cut short and discarded by the restored empire of the Palialogi, as Michael VIII returned to the ideology of earlier periods.

The Bulgarians and Serbs enjoyed a brief respite during the 1370s and into the 1380s when matters in Anatolia and increased meddling in Byzantium's political affairs kept Murad preoccupied.

Both were militarily successful allies of the Byzantines, especially against their fellow Arabs, the Lakhmid tribesmen, and secured Byzantium's southern flank and its political and commercial interests in Arabia proper.

The Hungarians, led by Stephen II, then invaded Byzantium's Balkan provinces in 1127, with hostilities lasting until 1129 ; however, an alternative chronology has been suggested with the Hungarian attack and Byzantine retaliation taking place in 1125 with a renewal of hostilities in 1126.

This event was instrumental in starting the First Crusade at Byzantium's request in 1095, and armies from Europe along with smaller units from Byzantium converged on the city in 1097.

The Nicaean Empire consisted of Byzantium's most highly populated Greek region, with the exception of Thrace which was under Latin / Bulgar control.

This evidence has helped to strengthen the view of some scholars, such as A. E. Vacalopoulos, who see these references, combined with a reevaluation of Byzantium's classical past, to be the genesis of Greek nationalismWith the loss of Constantinople, this comparison played on the idea of " hellenes surrounded by barbarians ; Choniates equated the Seljuk sultan killed by Theodore I with Xerxes, and patriarch Germanos II recalled the victory of John III Vatazes as another battle of Marathon or Salamis. In much the same way, Theodore II Laskaris compared his father's victories to those of Alexander the Great and proceeded to extol the martial values of contemporary “ Hellenes ”.

He and his wife thus spearhead a conspiracy to save the empire despite its rulers, sets out to build an alliance with Byzantium's historical enemy, Persia with whom they are currently effectively at war, the African Kingdom of Axum — a naval and trading power of the day which is so far away little is known of it or its capabilities, and various Indian forces and individuals that remain in opposition to Malwa — which may or may not be out there, but which are suggested by the visions presented by the mysterious crystal — whatever agenda it might have.

Like Severus before him, Constantine began to punish the city for siding with his defeated rival, but soon he too realized the advantages of Byzantium's location.

Faced with new naval challenges from the West, the Byzantines were increasingly forced to rely on the navies of Italian city-states like Venice and Genoa, with disastrous effects on Byzantium's economy and sovereignty.

At the same time however, the Isaurian emperors undermined Byzantium's naval strength: with the Arab threat gone for the moment, and with the largely iconodule naval themes staunchly opposed to their iconoclastic policies, the emperors reduced the navy's size and downgraded the naval themes.

The Bulgarian war produced several costly defeats, while at the same time the Arab naval threat reached new heights, with successive raids devastating the shores of Byzantium's naval heartland, the Aegean Sea.

Byzantium's territory was fragmented mostly among the capital at Constantinople and its Thracian environs, the city of Thessaloniki and its immediate surroundings, and the Despotate of the Morea in the Peloponnese.

At the same time the unionist controversy helped drive Byzantium's Orthodox neighbors Bulgaria and Serbia into the camp of Michael VIII's opponents.

Thus, Kievan Rus ’ became part of the broader Christian world, under Byzantium's influence.

The conquest of Crete removed the direct threat to the Aegean, Byzantium's naval heartland, while Phokas ' subsequent operations led to the recovery of Cilicia ( in 963 ), Cyprus ( in 968 ), and the northern Syrian coast ( in 969 ).

In response to the defeat at Manzikert and subsequent Byzantine losses in Anatolia in 1074, Pope Gregory VII had called for the milites Christi (" soldiers of Christ ") to go to Byzantium's aid.

Historian John Birkenmeier notes that: " Byzantium's lack of a navy [...] meant that Venice could regularly extort economic privileges, determine whether invaders, such as the Normans or Crusaders entered the Empire, and parry any Byzantine attempts to restrict Venetian commercial or naval activity.

As the price for his withdrawal, Kourkouas obtained one of Byzantium's most prised relics, the mandylion, the holy towel allegedly sent by Jesus Christ to King Abgar V of Edessa.

The emperor directed his attention to the Levant, where he sought to re-inforce Byzantium's claims to suzerainty over the Crusader States and to assert his rights over Antioch.

Lewis has shown that those portions of Philo of Byzantium's mechanical treatise which describe water wheels and which have been previously regarded as later Arabic interpolations, actually date back to the Greek 3rd century BC original.

The Emirate of Crete became a center of Muslim piratical activity in the Aegean, and a thorn on Byzantium's side.

With the progressive decline in Byzantium's military fortunes, the gates were walled up and reduced in size in the later Palaiologan period, and the complex converted into a citadel and refuge.

This was an army built virtually from scratch after the permanent loss of Byzantium's traditional main recruiting ground of Anatolia to the Turks following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, and the destruction of the last regiments of the old army in the wars against the Normans in the early 1080s.

The Jews of Greece began to come under increasing attention from Byzantium's leadership in Constantinople.

His actual area of control, however, may initially have been limited to the northeastern part of Byzantium's Arab frontier.

The traditional definition of the role of the conservator involves the examination, conservation, and preservation of cultural heritage using " any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible.

There are close cultural ties between modern day Canada and the United States, advanced in large part because both nations predominately speak English.

Cameroon has particularly close ties with France, with whom it has numerous military, economic, and cultural agreements.

Cyprus has historically followed a non-aligned foreign policy, although it increasingly identifies with the West in its cultural affinities and trade patterns, and maintains close relations with Greece.

Echols and Baldwin were close friends, and bonded over their similar tastes in music and fiction, and over their shared distaste for the prevailing cultural climate of West Memphis, situated in the Bible Belt.

East Pakistan enjoyed a strong interaction, healthy relations and close cultural ties with Republic of India.

Despite close cultural ties, diplomatic relations between the two countries have in many instances been volatile.

The Jagiellon dynasty period brought close ties with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, cultural development and territorial expansion, culminating in the establishment of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569.

* In Australia, the term refers to relatively small Aboriginal settlements ( referred to also as ' Outstations ') where people with close kinship ties share lands significant to them for cultural reasons.

Historically, Jamaica has had close ties with the UK, but trade, financial, and cultural relations with the United States are now predominant.

France has remained one of its biggest trading partners ; in addition, the two countries share close cultural ties in language, media and literature.

According to Weber, the city as a politically autonomous organization of people living in close proximity, employed in a variety of specialized trades, and physically separated from the surrounding countryside, only fully developed in the West and to a great extent shaped its cultural evolution:

Lynch claimed to have conceived his theory totally independently of any contact with academics in the cultural evolutionary sphere, and apparently was not even aware of Dawkins ' The Selfish Gene until his book was very close to publication.

Because of strong cultural, religious, linguistic, and economic ties, Nepal's association with India traditionally has been close.

He immersed himself both into the academic and cultural life of pre-war Czechoslovakia and established close relationships with a number of Czech poets and literary figures.

Too, intermarriage of Tongan and Fijian royalty to noble Samoan women has helped build close relationships between these island nations that exists even to the present day ; these royal blood ties are acknowledged at special events and cultural gatherings.

UAE enjoys close economic and cultural relations with India.

Pakistan and the UAE are very close allies with extremely close relations based on cultural affinities and shared faith.

The two countries have also maintained close ties through an exchange of cultural and educational partnerships which include the Guggenheim Museum, and a number of American Universities opening campuses in the Emirates.

However, the fact that Melbourne is significantly closer than Sydney and the fact that Victorian television broadcasts in the region, resulting ( among other things ) in the predominance of Australian rules football in the local media outlets, gives Albury close cultural and psychological links to Victoria, despite its location in southern New South Wales.

Mintoff also established close cultural and economic ties with Muammar Gaddafi's Libya.

Giving out such information would violate close cultural ties with the members of their community.

Bronze Age to Early Iron Age Mesopotamian culture is sometimes summarized as " Assyro-Babylonian ", because of the close cultural interdependence of the two political centers.