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Cædwalla had successfully conquered the kingdoms of Sussex and Kent, and his abdication may have contributed to the unsettled history of the southeast over the next few years.
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Cædwalla and had
He was unable to retain the territorial gains of his predecessor, Cædwalla, who had brought much of southern England under his control and expanded West Saxon territory substantially.
The upper Thames valley on both sides of the river had long been the territory of the Gewisse, though Cædwalla had lost territory north of the river to the kingdom of Mercia before Ine's accession.
Ine ’ s predecessor, Cædwalla, had made himself overlord of most of these southern kingdoms, though he had not been able to prevent Mercian inroads along the upper Thames.
Ine retained control of the Isle of Wight, and made further advances in Dumnonia, but the territorial gains Cædwalla had made in Sussex, Surrey and Kent were all lost by the end of Ine's reign.
Ine kept the South Saxons, who had been conquered by Cædwalla in 686, in subjugation for a period.
In 726, Ine abdicated, with no obvious heir and, according to Bede, left his kingdom to " younger men " in order to travel to Rome, where he died ; his predecessor, Cædwalla, had also abdicated to go to Rome.
In 688 Cædwalla abdicated, and went on a pilgrimage to Rome, possibly because he was dying of the wounds he had suffered while fighting on the Isle of Wight.
Cædwalla had never been baptised, and Bede states that he wished to " obtain the particular privilege of receiving the cleansing of baptism at the shrine of the blessed Apostles ".
Ine's predecessor, Cædwalla, had invaded Kent and installed his brother Mul as king, but the Kentishmen had subsequently revolted and burned Mul.
Cædwalla and conquered
A later king, Cædwalla, conquered Sussex, Kent and the Isle of Wight.
After his accession Cædwalla returned to Sussex and won the territory again, and also conquered the Isle of Wight, engaging in genocide and extinguishing the ruling dynasty there and forcing the population of the island at sword point to renounce their faith for Christianity.
According to Bede, before Cædwalla's reign, Wessex was ruled by underkings, who were conquered and removed when Cædwalla became king.
Bede states that Cædwalla vowed to give a quarter of the Isle of Wight to the church if he conquered the island, and that Wilfrid was the beneficiary when the vow was fulfilled ; Bede also says that Cædwalla agreed to let the heirs of Arwald, the king of the Isle of Wight, be baptised before they were executed.
When Cædwalla became King of the West Saxons, the following year, he conquered Sussex and appears to have appointed an Ecgwald as a sub-regulus ( on cartulary evidence ).
Cædwalla and Sussex
The term " trinoda necessitas " was rarely used in Anglo-Saxon times: its only known use is in a grant of land near Pagham, Sussex from King Cædwalla of Wessex to Saint Wilfred.
Two of Cædwalla's charters were grants of land to Wilfrid, and there is also subsequent evidence that Cædwalla worked with Wilfrid and Eorcenwald, a bishop of the East Saxons, to establish an ecclesiastical infrastructure for Sussex.
Certainly the area would have been dominated by Sussex while Aelle was Bretwalda and later occupied by Wessex under Cædwalla.
According to tradition, Cædwalla invaded Sussex and was met by Æthelwealh at a point in the South Downs just south-east of Stoughton, close to the border with Hampshire and it was here that Æthelwealh was defeated and slain.
Andhun was an Ealdorman of Sussex under King Æðelwealh, who was slain by the Wessex prince Cædwalla, who invaded and ravaged Sussex.
Cædwalla and Kent
Mul was burned in a Kentish revolt a year later, and Cædwalla returned, possibly ruling Kent directly for a period.
Cædwalla responded with a renewed campaign against Kent, laying waste to its land and leaving it in a state of chaos.
Wihtred acceded to the throne after a confused period in the 680s, which included a brief conquest of Kent by Cædwalla of Wessex and subsequent dynastic conflicts.
Cædwalla of Wessex invaded in 686 and established his brother Mul as king there ; Cædwalla may have ruled Kent directly for a period when Mul was killed in 687.
Cædwalla and may
The West Saxons managed a significant military resurgence under Cædwalla, king of Wessex from about 685 to 688, but when Cædwalla departed for Rome on pilgrimage there may have been internal strife before Ine, his successor, took the throne.
He may have been involved in suppressing rival dynasties at this time, as an early source records that Wessex was ruled by underkings until Cædwalla.
Cædwalla ’ s military successes may be the reason that at about this time the term " West Saxon " starts to be used in contemporary sources, instead of " Gewisse "; it is from this time that the West Saxons began to rule over other Anglo-Saxon peoples.
Bede gives Cædwalla a reign of two years, ending in 688, but if his reign was less than three years then he may have come to the throne in 685.
It may be that Centwine, Cædwalla's predecessor as king of the West Saxons, began as a co-ruler but established himself as sole king by the time Cædwalla became king.
It may also be that the underkings were another dynastic faction of the West Saxon royal line, vying for power with Centwine and Cædwalla ; the description of them as " underkings " may be due to a partisan description of the situation by Bishop Daniel of Winchester, who was Bede's primary informant on West Saxon events.
Cædwalla was unbaptised when he came to the throne of Wessex, and remained so throughout his reign, but though he is often referred to as a pagan this is not necessarily the most apt description ; it may be that he was already Christian in his beliefs but delayed his baptism to a time of his choice.
Wilfrid's association with Cædwalla may have benefited him in other ways: the Life of Wilfrid asserts that the Archbishop of Canterbury, Theodore, expressed a wish that Wilfrid succeed him in that role, and if this is true it may be a reflection of Wilfrid's association with Cædwalla's southern overlordship.
Cædwalla and have
The increasing strength of the West Saxons under Cædwalla and Ine would have limited Mercian opportunities in that direction.
The growing strength of the West Saxons under Cædwalla and Ine would have limited Mercian opportunities in that direction.
Additionally, the fact that Cædwalla, king of Wessex a generation after Cadwallon's death, bore a name derived directly from the British Cadwallon suggests that Cadwallon's reputation could not have been so poor among the Saxons of Wessex as it was in Northumbria.
Cædwalla and history
Bede received a good deal of information relating to Cædwalla from Bishop Daniel of Winchester ; Bede ’ s interest was primarily in the Christianization of the West Saxons, but in relating the history of the church he sheds much light on the West Saxons and on Cædwalla.
Cædwalla and .
This is unlikely as Bede tells us that they were all slaughtered by the Saxons under Cædwalla.
The term " West Saxon " appears only in the late seventh century, after the reign of Cædwalla.
16th Century Barnardi picture of Cædwalla granting lands to Wilfrid.
However, later kings, such as Cædwalla of Wessex, who ruled in the 680s, are recorded as pagan at their accession.
It seems likely that the ruling dynasty on the island found these arrangements acceptable to some degree, since the West Saxons, under Cædwalla, exterminated the whole family when they launched their own attack on the island in 686.
Eventually these underkings were defeated and the kingdom reunited, probably by Cædwalla but possibly by Centwine.
A decade after Wulfhere's death, the West Saxons under Cædwalla began an aggressive expansion to the east, reversing much of the Mercian advance.
Ine's predecessor on the throne of Wessex was Cædwalla, but there is some uncertainty about the transition from Cædwalla to Ine.
Cædwalla abdicated in 688 and departed for Rome to be baptised.
From there emerges a conflation of Cadwaladr or Cadwallon with Cædwalla of Wessex ( reigned 685 – 688 ), and a conflation of Cadwaladr's son Ivor with Cædwalla's son Ine.
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