The pain associated with CHIKV infection of the joints persists for weeks or months, or in some cases years.

There have been recent breakouts of CHIKV associated with severe illness.

The vaccine cassette was designed based on CHIKV capsid and envelope specific consensus sequences with several modifications, including codon optimization, RNA optimization, the addition of a Kozak sequence, and a substituted immunoglobulin E leader sequence.

Chikungunya ( in the Makonde language " that which bends up ") virus ( CHIKV ) is an insect-borne virus, of the genus Alphavirus, that is transmitted to humans by virus-carrying Aedes mosquitoes.

Apoptosis in some viruses is activated by extracellular stimuli, however, studies have demonstrated that the OROV infection causes apoptosis to be activated through intracellular stimuli and involves the mitochondria.

The consensus in the scientific community is that the Duesberg hypothesis has been refuted by a large and growing mass of evidence showing that HIV causes AIDS, that the amount of virus in the blood correlates with disease progression, that a plausible mechanism for HIV's action has been proposed, and that anti-HIV medication decreases mortality and opportunistic infection in people with AIDS.

Any kind of sexual contact with bodily fluids of a person infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, poses a risk of infection.

Among the causes are excessive insulin produced in the body ( hyperinsulinemia ), inborn error of metabolism, medications and poisons, alcohol, hormone deficiencies, prolonged starvation, alterations of metabolism associated with infection, and organ failure.

In addition to bouts with malaria, battle wounds from fighting in the Mexican-American War, and a chronic eye infection that made it impossible for him to endure bright light, he also suffered from trigeminal neuralgia, a nerve disorder that causes severe pain in the face.

The infection is endemic in West African countries, and causes 300, 000 – 500, 000 cases annually, with approximately 5, 000 deaths.

Blue baby syndrome is now thought to be the product of a number of factors, which can include any factor which causes gastric upset, such as diarrhoeal infection, protein intolerance, heavy metal toxicity etc., with nitrates playing a minor role.

Some other causes of optic neuritis include infection ( e. g. syphilis, Lyme disease, herpes zoster ), autoimmune disorders ( e. g. lupus ), inflammatory bowel disease, drug induced ( e. g. chloramphenicol, ethambutol ) vasculitis, and diabetes

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is currently a pandemic, with infection rates as high as 25 % in southern and eastern Africa.

When polyps are present, the condition is called chronic hyperplastic sinusitis ; however, the causes are poorly understood and may include allergy, environmental factors such as dust or pollution, bacterial infection, or fungus ( either allergic, infective, or reactive ).

This almost always causes some sort of blockage within the sinus cavities ending in infection and usually resulting in chronic sinusitis.

Possible causes include: genetic predisposition to inflammation, allergy or other sensitivity ( for example: oxalates in the urine ), an autoimmune disorder similar to lupus erythematosus or to eczema or to lichen sclerosus, infection ( e. g., yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, HPV ), injury, and neuropathy -- including an increased number of nerve endings in the vaginal area.

Surviving the infection causes lifelong immunity and normally there is no permanent organ damage.

This disruption of host cell protein kinase activity causes apoptosis of macrophages, and it has been proposed that this is important for the establishment of infection and for evasion of the host immune response.

In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800, 000 children worldwide per year.

In most cases infection is asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms.

Other causes include infection by flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus or West Nile virus, or by Togaviridae such as Eastern equine encephalitis virus ( EEE virus ), Western equine encephalitis virus ( WEE virus ) or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus ( VEE virus ).

Death could result from any combination of causes, including blood loss resulting in hypovolemic shock, sepsis following infection due to the wounds caused by the nails or by the scourging that sometimes preceded the crucifixion, or eventual dehydration.

Possible causes include brain infection ( viral encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Whipple's disease ) or inflammation ( limbic encephalitis, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, cerebral vasculitis ); tumors such as lymphoma or glioma ; drug toxicity ( e. g. anticonvulsant drugs ); metabolic causes such as liver failure or kidney failure ; and chronic subdural hematoma.

Among these is infection by the fungus Botryosphaeria, which causes panicle and shoot blight ( i. e., kills flowers and young shoots ), and can damage entire pistachio orchards.

In Spinochordodes tellinii, which has orthopterans as its vector, the infection acts on the insect's brain and causes it to seek water and drown itself, thus returning the nematomorph to water.

This practice increases transplant efficiency, as potential donors who are unsuitable due to infection or other causes are removed from consideration before their deaths, and decreases the avoidable loss of organs.

Hence, stepping on a nail ( rusty or not ) may result in a tetanus infection, as the low-oxygen ( anaerobic ) environment is provided by the same object that causes a puncture wound, delivering endospores to a suitable environment for growth.

E. coli O157: H7 infection often causes severe, acute hemorrhagic diarrhea ( although nonhemorrhagic diarrhea is also possible ) and abdominal cramps.

People who inhale an infectious aerosol would generally experience severe respiratory illness, including life-threatening pneumonia and systemic infection, if they are not treated.

He had ten successful years on the Continental circuit but a prolonged illness due to an infection contracted while racing in Algeria ended his riding career.

Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness ( i. e., characteristic medical signs and / or symptoms of disease ) resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism.

An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host.

It can cause eye and nose irritation and it dries out the protective membranes of the nose and throat and interferes with the body's ability to fight infection, increasing susceptibility to illness.

Three healthcare personnel treating the case patient also developed flu-like illness with laboratory evidence of swine influenza virus infection.

His life was saved by the illness and death of the king, as a result of an infection or an abscess in his ear.

The causes of growth failure are multifactorial and include chronic lung infection, poor absorption of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract, and increased metabolic demand due to chronic illness.

The symptoms of infection are indistinguishable, although more people infected with the El Tor biotype remain asymptomatic or have only a mild illness.

There is often a particular underlying problem that has led to the DKA episode ; this may be intercurrent illness ( pneumonia, influenza, gastroenteritis, a urinary tract infection ), pregnancy, inadequate insulin administration ( e. g. defective insulin pen device ), myocardial infarction ( heart attack ), stroke or the use of cocaine.

Patients typically develop symptoms including high fevers, shaking, chills, fatigue, headaches, vomiting, and general illness within 48 hours of the initial infection.

Rarely, use of powdered infant formula ( PIF ) has been associated with serious illness, and even death, due to infection with Enterobacter sakazakii and other microorganisms that can be introduced to PIF during its production.

Although E. sakazakii can cause illness in all age groups, infants are believed to be at greatest risk of infection.

In 2007, Depp's daughter recovered from a serious illness, an E. coli infection that began to cause her kidneys to shut down and resulted in an extended hospital stay.

During the first few weeks after exposure, the infection typically causes a mild, flu-like illness or no illness.

They also include personal hygiene practices to prevent infection and illness, such as bathing and washing hands with soap ; brushing and flossing teeth ; storing, preparing and handling food safely ; and many others.

Symptomatic infection ( 40 % of cases ) usually presents as an influenza-like illness with fever, cough, headaches, rash, and myalgia ( muscle pain ).

Surprisingly, the other infection reported to be likely to provide the same effect ( decrease in viral load ) is the virus-caused illness dengue fever.

Shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery or Marlow Syndrome, in its most severe manifestation, is a foodborne illness caused by infection by bacteria of the genus Shigella.

There is some evidence that proton pump inhibitors are a risk factor for C. difficile infection and pseudomembranous colitis, but others question whether this is a false association or statistical artifact ( increased PPI use is itself a marker of increased age and co-morbid illness ).

Transmission through fecal-oral can be aerosolized when those stricken with the illness vomit and can be aerosolized by a toilet flush when vomit or diarrhea is present ; infection can follow eating food or breathing air near an episode of vomiting, even if cleaned up.

Symptomatic infection ( 40 % of cases ) usually presents as an influenza-like illness with fever, cough, headaches, rash, and myalgia ( muscle pain ).

But some CA-MRSA strains display enhanced virulence, spreading more rapidly and causing illness much more severe than traditional healthcare-associated ( HA -) MRSA infections, and they can affect vital organs and lead to widespread infection ( sepsis ), toxic shock syndrome, and necrotizing (" flesh-eating ") pneumonia.

Pathogenic Vibrio can cause foodborne illness ( infection ), usually associated with eating undercooked seafood.