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Calcium and sodium
Calcium is also the fifth-most-abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.
* Calcium, salt ( sodium and chloride ), magnesium, and potassium ( along with phosphorus and sulfur ) are sometimes added to the list of macronutrients because they are required in large quantities compared to other vitamins and minerals.
Calcium bentonite may be converted to sodium bentonite ( termed sodium beneficiation or sodium activation ) to exhibit many of sodium bentonite's properties by a process known as " ion exchange " ( patented in 1935 by Germans U Hofmann and K Endell ).
Commonly measured cations include sodium ( Na < sup >+</ sup >), Potassium ( K < sup >+</ sup >), Calcium ( Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >) and Magnesium ( Mg < sup > 2 +</ sup >).

Calcium and lactate
Calcium lactate added to toothpaste has reduced calculus formation.
: A12AA05 Calcium lactate
: A12AA06 Calcium lactate gluconate

Calcium and .
Calcium, phosphorus and iron are present in worthwhile amounts, and eleven other minerals also have been found in varying trace amounts.
Calcium hydride was substituted for Af as a drying agent for carbon tetrachloride.
Calcium has been added to over-the-counter products, which contributes to inadvertent excessive intake.
Calcium salts may cause constipation.
Calcium ion ( Ca < sup >++</ sup >) antagonists ( Calcium channel blockers ) are used in the treatment of chronic stable angina.
Calcium ( ) is the chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust.
Calcium is essential for living organisms, in particular in cell physiology, where movement of the calcium ion Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > into and out of the cytoplasm functions as a signal for many cellular processes.
Calcium metal reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas at a rate rapid enough to be noticeable, but not fast enough at room temperature to generate much heat.
Calcium, with a density of 1. 55 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >, is the lightest of the alkaline earth metals ; magnesium ( specific gravity 1. 74 ) and beryllium ( 1. 84 ) are more dense, although lighter in atomic mass.
Calcium has a higher electrical resistivity than copper or aluminium, yet weight-for-weight, due to its much lower density, it is a rather better conductor than either.
Calcium salts are colorless from any contribution of the calcium, and ionic solutions of calcium ( Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >) are colorless as well.
Calcium is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the human body, where it is a common cellular ionic messenger with many functions, and serves also as a structural element in bone.
Calcium, combined with phosphate to form hydroxylapatite, is the mineral portion of human and animal bones and teeth.
Calcium hydroxide ( slaked lime ) is used in many chemical refinery processes and is made by heating limestone at high temperature ( above 825 ° C ) and then carefully adding water to it.
Calcium carbonate ( CaCO < sub > 3 </ sub >) is one of the common compounds of calcium.
Calcium has four stable isotopes (< sup > 40 </ sup > Ca, < sup > 42 </ sup > Ca, < sup > 43 </ sup > Ca and < sup > 44 </ sup > Ca ), plus two more isotopes (< sup > 46 </ sup > Ca and < sup > 48 </ sup > Ca ) that have such long half-lives that for all practical purposes they also can be considered stable.
Calcium also has a cosmogenic isotope, radioactive < sup > 41 </ sup > Ca, which has a half-life of 103, 000 years.
Calcium isotope fractionation during mineral formation has led to several applications of calcium isotopes.

sodium and lactate
Lactic acid and its salts sodium lactate and potassium lactate are widely used as antimicrobials in food products, in particular, meat and poultry such as ham and sausages.
The fluid used typically contains sodium, chloride, lactate or bicarbonate and a high percentage of glucose to ensure hyperosmolarity.
Ingredients listed are water, sugar, citric acid,, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium lactate, magnesium carbonate, and flavoring.
Generally, the sodium, chloride, potassium and lactate come from NaCl ( sodium chloride ), NaC < sub > 3 </ sub > H < sub > 5 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub > ( sodium lactate ), CaCl < sub > 2 </ sub > ( calcium chloride ), and KCl ( potassium chloride ).

sodium and .
These widely advertised products, which are used primarily for washing clothes, are based on high-sudsing, synthetic organic actives ( sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates ) and contain up to 50% by weight of sodium tripolyphosphate or a mixture of sodium tripolyphosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate.
Following reaction the cells were scratched with a file and opened under a 20% aqueous sodium iodide solution.
Carrier Af was added and the aqueous and organic phases were separated ( cells containing gaseous reactants were immersed in liquid air before opening under sodium iodide ).
It was possible to maintain aerobic conditions in the pond by regular additions of sodium nitrate until the temperature decreased and the algae population changed from blue-green to green algae.
The anaerobic conditions in the existing oxidation pond necessitated examination of other methods for supplying additional oxygen than by sodium nitrate.
Shortly after this study ended septic conditions resulted which required the addition of sodium nitrate.
Softener -- e.g. sodium metaphosphate or sodium hexametaphosphate ( if needed in hard water areas ).
Commonly, acids can be identified as tasting sour, reacting with metals such as calcium, and bases like sodium carbonate.
A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium-vapour lamp, which emits very efficient light.
Table salt, or sodium chloride, has been used since antiquity.
(" Natrium " is sodium.
Some may suggest that it is probably advisable to use mouthwash at least an hour after brushing with toothpaste when the toothpaste contains sodium lauryl sulfate, since the anionic compounds in the SLS toothpaste can deactivate cationic agents present in the mouthrinse.
However, many would disagree with this hypothesis ; in fact, many of the popular mouthwashes contain sodium lauryl sulfate as an ingredient ( e. g., Listerine Total Care ).
Commercial mouthwashes usually contain a preservative such as sodium benzoate to preserve freshness once the container has been opened.
Improper irrigation of farm land can wick the sodium, calcium, and magnesium from the soil and water to the surface.
The density of voltage-gated sodium channels is much higher here than is found in the adjacent cell body, excepting the axon hillock.
These nodes are areas where the action potential is amplified using a high density of sodium ( Na < big >+</ big >) ions and is subsequently passed along the axon.
A record cold temperature of 450 ± 80 pK in a Bose – Einstein condensate ( BEC ) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT.
The water contains a considerable percentage of common salt and other sodium salts and sulphur.
Pre-packaged American meals tend to be high in carbohydrates, fat, sodium, and various preservatives.
He produced coniine by reacting 2-methylpyridine with acetaldehyde and reducing the resulting 2-propenyl pyridine with sodium.

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