Though the now strongly conservative Calles thought he could control him, it quickly became clear Cárdenas would not accept a subordinate role like his predecessors did.

In exile in the United States, Calles was in contact with various American fascists, although he rejected their anti-Semitic and anti-Mexican sentiments, and also befriended José Vasconcelos, a Mexican philosopher who had previously been a political enemy.

In 1923, Obregón endorsed Plutarco Elías Calles for president in the 1924 election ( in which Obregón was not eligible to run ).

In 1923 he organized a union of milk industry workers, which he affiliated with the Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana, ( CROM ), the largest and most powerful union confederation of the day and a key supporter of the regimes of Plutarco Elías Calles and Álvaro Obregón.

Calles is most noted for a fierce oppression of Catholics that led to the Cristero War, a civil war between Catholic rebels and government forces, and for founding the Partido Nacional Revolucionario ( National Revolutionary Party, or PNR ), which eventually became the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) – which governed Mexico for more than 70 consecutive years.

His detractors drew comparisons between Calles and the " Grand Turk ", the anti-Christian leaders from the era of the Crusades.

Soon after, a direct telephone link was established between Calles and President Calvin Coolidge, and the U. S. ambassador to Mexico, James R. Sheffield, was replaced with Dwight Morrow.

Morrow won the Calles government over to the United States position and helped negotiate an agreement between the government and the oil companies.

The period which Obregón had been elected to serve between 1928 and 1934, in which Calles was Jefe Máximo, is known as the Maximato in Mexican history, with many regarding Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, and Abelardo Rodríguez as his puppets.

Soon after his inauguration, however, conflicts between Calles and Cárdenas started to arise.

This uneasy " truce " between the government and the Church ended with the 1924 hand picked succession of an atheist, Plutarco Elías Calles.

Former President of the United States | U. S. President William Howard Taft | William Taft, Plutarco Elías Calles and President of the United States | U. S. President Calvin Coolidge at the White House.

As U. S. Ambassador to Mexico, Morrow was, unfortunately, instrumental in bringing U. S. State Department aid in the form of armaments and aircraft to assist the Bolshevik-inspired, anti-Christian government of Mexican President Plutarco Elias Calles which helped end the Cristero War of 1926 to 1929, an uprising and counter-revolution against the Calles ' government's war against Christianity.

High-ranking members of the U. S. Ku Klux Klan in the mid-1920s offered Calles $ 10, 000 to help fight the Church.

When U. S. Colonel Ralph O ' Neill was hired to revamp the Mexican Air Force in 1920, he reported to General Plutarco Elías Calles that most of the aircraft available had to be replaced since they were obsolete and worn away.

** Plutarco Elías Calles, President of Mexico ( b. 1877 )

Plutarco Calles, at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued to gather power in Mexico City.

Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early in the year to increase his power ; a party which was, ironically, seen by foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right.

** Establishment of the National Revolutionary Party ( Partido Nacional Revolucionario ) in Mexico by ex-President Plutarco Elías Calles.

The street grid is based on odd-numbered streets running east / west and even-numbered streets running north / south, with Calles 60 and 61 bounding the " Plaza Grande " in the heart of the city.

Its membership in the International dates from the Mexican Revolution and the founding of the party by Plutarco Elías Calles, when the party had a clearer Institutional orientation.

A grave political crisis caused by the 1928 assassination of president-elect Álvaro Obregón led to the founding in 1929 of the National Revolutionary Party (, PNR ) by Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexico's president from 1924 to 1928.

The following presidents of this period, Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio and Abelardo L. Rodríguez were from the same ideology as Plutarco Elias Calles.

After establishing himself in the presidency, in 1936 Cárdenas had Calles and dozens of his corrupt associates arrested or deported to the United States.

He backed Plutarco Elías Calles, and after Calles became president, Cárdenas became governor of Michoacán in 1928.

Calles continued to dominate Mexico after his presidency with administrations that were his puppets.

Instead they selected Cárdenas to be the ruling party's presidential candidate, and Calles went along with it, thinking he could control him as he had the previous two.

After establishing himself in the presidency, Cárdenas and the Mexican Congress turned on Calles and condemned his continued war-like persecution of the Catholic Church.

In 1936, Cárdenas had Calles and twenty of his corrupt associates arrested and deported to the United States, a decision that was greeted with great enthusiasm by the majority of the Mexican public.

The CTM and Toledano in turn supported Cárdenas ' deportation of ex-President Calles.

** 1952-1954 Sr. Rodolfo Elías Calles ( PRI )

The Plan of Agua Prieta, was a political manifesto signed in the city of Agua Prieta, 23 April 1920 by the governor of Sonora ( which is part of the population ) Adolfo de la Huerta and Plutarco Elías Calles, in support of Álvaro Obregón, the principal object to obtain termination of the presidency of the Republic of Venustiano Carranza.

Plutarco Elías Calles and Lázaro Cárdenas, two future presidents of Mexico, both lived in the town during its early years.

Municipal Palace ( Palacio Municipal ) ; Cenote Zaci ; House of the Culture ( Casa de la Cultura ) ; House of the Deer ( Casa de los Venados ) ; Mercado de Artesanías ( Handcraft Market ); Centro Artesanal Zaci ( Handcraft center Zaci ; Bazar Municipal ; Museo San Roque ; Parque de los Héroes ( Park of the Heroes ) ; Las 5 Calles.

In 1924, Obregón's hand-picked successor, Plutarco Elías Calles, was elected as president, and although Obregón ostensibly retired to Sonora, he remained influential under Calles.

Obregón won the 1928 presidential election, but before he could begin his term, he was assassinated by a Catholic angered by the Calles government's treatment of Catholics.

* Plutarco Elías Calles, Sonora, Mexico – south

Following the crushing of the rebellion, Calles was elected president of Mexico and Obregón stepped down from office.

As an ally of Calles, Obregón was hated by Catholics and was assassinated in a restaurant on 17 July 1928, shortly after his return to Mexico City, by José de León Toral, a Roman Catholic opposed to the government's policies on religious matters.

The American ambassador to Mexico branded Calles a communist, and Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg issued a threat against Mexico on 12 June 1925.

To avoid a political vacuum, Calles named himself Jefe Máximo, the political chieftain of Mexico and Emilio Portes Gil was appointed temporary president, although in reality he was little more than a puppet of Calles.

Calles was allowed to return to Mexico under the reconciliation policy of Cárdenas's successor Manuel Ávila Camacho in 1941.

Calles ' main legacy was the pacification of Mexico ending the violent era of the Mexican Revolution through the creation of the Partido National Revolucionario ( PNR ) which eventually became Partido Revolucionario Institutional ( PRI ), which governed Mexico until 2000.

* Mexico Before the World by Plutarco Elías Calles at archive. org

Filmmaker Natalia Almada works from audio recordings made by her grandmother about Calles, Almada's great-grandfather, relating history to present in Mexico.

Strongmen who sometimes governed through figureheads included Diego Portales of Chile, Rafael Núñez of Colombia, Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez of Costa Rica, Fulgencio Batista of Cuba, Ulises Heureaux and Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, Gabriel García Moreno of Ecuador, Raoul Cédras of Haiti, Porfirio Díaz and Plutarco Elías Calles of Mexico, the Somoza family of Nicaragua, José Antonio Remón Cantera, Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega of Panama, Dési Bouterse of Suriname, and Antonio Guzmán Blanco and Juan Vicente Gómez of Venezuela.

He was also influenced by the contemporary American comics that the reporter Léon Degrelle had sent back to Belgium from Mexico, where he was stationed to report on the persecution of Catholics by the government of President Plutarco Elías Calles.

The President of Mexico, Plutarco Elias Calles, was elected in 1924.

Sandino looked to revolutionary Mexico, but the country's revolution had taken an anti-communist turn under de facto ruler Plutarco Elías Calles.

With the rise of anti-Chinese sentiment in Mexico in the 1930s under President Plutarco Elías Calles, most Chinese Mexicans, including individuals of mixed Chinese and Mexican descent, were forced out of Mexico and deported to China.