Alexis Carrel ( June 28, 1873 – November 5, 1944 ) was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques.

Born in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, Rhône, Carrel was raised in a devout Catholic family and was educated by Jesuits, though he no longer practiced his religion when he entered the university.

Alexis Carrel was also a member of learned societies in the U. S., Spain, Russia, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Vatican City, Germany, Italy and Greece and received honorary doctorates from Queen's University of Belfast, Princeton University, California, New York, Brown University and Columbia University.

While there he collaborated with American physician Charles Claude Guthrie in work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs as well as the head, and Carrel was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for these efforts.

Though Carrel was skeptical about meeting with a priest Presse ended up having a profound influence on the rest of Carrel's life.

Alexis Carrel at the beginning of 20th century first described the technique for vascular suturing and anastomosis and successfully performed many organ transplantations in animals ; he thus actually opened the way to modern vascular surgery that was before limited to vessels permanent ligatation.

Consequently, he moved towards the liberal opposition, both as a Peer and as a contributor to Journal des Débats ( his articles there gave the signal of the paper's similar switch, which, however, was more moderate than Le National, directed by Adolphe Thiers and Armand Carrel ).

Pioneering work in the surgical technique of transplantation was made in the early 1900s by the French surgeon Alexis Carrel, with Charles Guthrie, with the transplantation of arteries or veins.

By chance, in 1835, Carrel discovered Littré's skills as a writer and from that time on, he was a constant contributor to the journal, eventually becoming its director.

Only three days after Whymper's ascent, the mountain was ascended from the Italian side via an indirect route by Jean-Antoine Carrel and Jean-Baptiste Bich on July 17, 1865.

He was at the beginning of the climb, with a Swiss guide, when he met Jean-Antoine Carrel and his uncle.

Carrel was an Italian guide from Breuil who had already made several attempts on the mountain.

Just as he did two years before, Whymper asked Carrel to be his guide, but Carrel declined ; he was also unsuccessful in hiring other local guides from Breuil.

On July 16, two days after the first ascent and the catastrophe, Jean-Antoine Carrel set out to crown Whymper's victory by proving that the Italian side was not unconquerable.

Carrel was inclined to traverse to the west of the peak, and thence go up on the Zmutt side.

Naturally the wish of Carrel prevailed, for he was the leader and had not lost the habit of command, notwithstanding his recent defeat.

Meanwhile Giordano at Breuil was writing in his diary as follows: " Splendid weather ; at 9. 30 saw Carrel and his men on the Shoulder, after that saw nothing more of them.

B. Carrel and L. Carrel on March 17, 1882, and its first solo ascent was made by W. Paulcke in 1898.

The first ascent of the south face was made by Enzo Benedetti with guides Louis Carrel and Maurice Bich on October 15, 1931, and the first complete ascent of the east face was made by Enzo Benedetti and G. Mazzotti with guides Louis and Lucien Carrel, Maurice Bich and Antoine Gaspard on September 18 – 19, 1932.

* 1944 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( b. 1873 )

* June 26 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( d. 1944 )

Voronoff was a student of French surgeon, biologist, eugenicist, and Nobel Prize recipient Alexis Carrel, from whom he learnt surgical techniques of transplantation.

* Alexis Carrel, surgeon, biologist and eugenicist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912

Alexis Carrel, a Nobel prize-winning surgeon, had stated " that all cells explanted in culture are immortal, and that the lack of continuous cell replication was due to ignorance on how best to cultivate the cells ".

After the fame surrounding the event, Carrel could not obtain a hospital appointment because of the strong and pervasive anticlericalism in the French University at the time.

* May 8 – Armand Carrel, French writer ( d. 1836 )

Armand Carrel ( 8 May 1800 – 25 July 1836 ) was a French journalist and political writer.

This crater was previously designated as Jansen B before being given its current name by the IAU in 1979 in honour of the scientific contributions of the Nobel-winning French scientist Alexis Carrel.

The influence of particular fascist thinkers ( particularly French fascist Alexis Carrel ) in Qutb's work is disputed .< ref > See Discussion section.

During the First World War, Alexis Carrel and Henry Dakin developed the Carrel-Dakin method of treating wounds with an irrigation, Dakin's solution, a germicide which helped prevent gangrene.

His articles from this period for the Mashhad daily newspaper, Khorasan, display his developing eclecticism and acquaintance with the ideas of modern Islamic and secular thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Iqbal, Sigmund Freud and Alexis Carrel.

* Re-edition of the political writings of Armand Carrel, with notes ( 1854 – 1858 )

In 1830, he founded Le National with Thiers and Armand Carrel, and signed the journalists ' protest against the July Ordinances, however, he refused to profit from his party's victory.

Discovering that they had been left, Whymper and his guide tried to race Carrel up the mountain, but neither party met with success.

Whymper returned to Breuil in 1863, persuading Carrel to join forces with him and try the mountain once more via the Italian ridge.

Precisely at this moment, Carrel and party were approximatively 400 metres below, still dealing with the most difficult parts of the Italian ridge.

Giordano would have joined them, but Carrel refused absolutely to take him with them ; he said he would not have the strength to guide a traveller, and could neither answer for the result nor for any one's life.

M. Piacenza with guides J. J. Carrel and J. Gaspard on September 9, 1911, climbed most of the ridge but bypassed the overhangs near the top to the south.

Not until September 23, 1942, during the Second World War, did Alfredo Perino, along with guides Louis Carrel ( nicknamed " The Little Carrel ") and Giacomo Chiara, climb the complete ridge and the overhangs directly.

See editions of his Œuvres ( 1848 ), with an admirable biography by Armand Carrel, which is reproduced in a later edition, with a supplementary criticism by Francisque Sarcey ( 1876 – 1877 ); also three notices by Sainte-Beuve in the Causeries du lundi and the Nouveaux Lundis.

At the outbreak of war with Spain in 1823, Carrel, whose sympathies were with the liberal cause, resigned, and succeeded in escaping to Barcelona.