Caudipteryx had a short, boxy skull with a beak-like snout that retained only a few tapered teeth in the front of the upper jaw.

The hands of Caudipteryx supported symmetrical, pennaceous feathers that had vanes and barbs, and that measured between 15 – 20 centimeters long ( 6 – 8 inches ).

His decision was influenced by the fact that because Bambiraptor within a cladistic analysis was a member of a group, Paraves, that contained feathered true birds and that was the sister taxon of Oviraptorosauria, a group that also had feathered forms ( e. g. Caudipteryx ), Bambiraptor most likely had feathers too due to phylogenetic bracketing.

Protarchaeopteryx-skull based on Incisivosaurus and wings on Caudipteryx

Skin impressions from more primitive oviraptorosaurs, like Caudipteryx and Protarchaeopteryx, clearly show an extensive covering of feathers on the body, feathered wings and feathered tail fans.

Either these arm feathers are not preserved, or they were not present on Caudipteryx in life.

The discovery of Caudipteryx led to many intensive studies on and debate over the relationship of birds and dinosaurs.

( 2000 ) found that Caudipteryx was a bird based on a mathematical comparison of the body proportions of flightless birds and non-avian theropods.

The consensus view, based on several cladistic analyses, is that Caudipteryx is a basal ( primitive ) member of the Oviraptoridae, and the oviraptorids are nonavian theropod dinosaurs.

Most directly, four species of primitive oviraptorosaurs ( in the genera Caudipteryx, Protarchaeopteryx, and Similicaudipteryx ) have been found with impressions of well developed feathers, most notably on the wings and tail, suggesting that they functioned at least partially for display.

They found that the most birdlike features of oviraptorids actually place the whole clade within Aves itself, meaning that Caudipteryx is both an oviraptorid and a bird.

Caudipteryx fossils were first discovered in the Yixian Formation of the Sihetun area of Liaoning Province, northeastern China in 1997.

Caudipteryx ( which means " tail feather ") is a genus of peacock-sized theropod dinosaurs that lived in the Aptian age of the early Cretaceous Period ( about 124. 6 million years ago ).

The specific region in which Caudipteryx lived was home to the other feathered dinosaurs Dilong and Sinornithosaurus.

They ranged in size from Caudipteryx, which was the size of a turkey, to the 8 metre long, 1. 4 ton Gigantoraptor.

However, other scientists, such as Lawrence Witmer, have argued that calling a theropod like Caudipteryx a bird because it has feathers may stretch the word past any useful meaning.

The possible positions in the debate can be summarized as follows: Caudipteryx is either a member of the Oviraptorosauria, or a bird, or both, and birds are either dinosaurs or they are not.

The shortness and symmetry of the feathers, and the shortness of the arms relative to the body size, indicate that Caudipteryx could not fly.

In at least two specimens of Caudipteryx ( NGMC 97 4 A and NGMC 97 9 A ), gastroliths are preserved.

No fossil of Caudipteryx zoui preserves any secondary feathers attached to the forearms, as found in dromaeosaurids, Archaeopteryx and modern birds.

Because Caudipteryx has clear and unambiguously pennaceous feathers, like modern birds, and because several cladistic analyses have consistently recovered it as a nonavian, oviraptorid, dinosaur, it provided, at the time of its description, the clearest and most succinct evidence that birds evolved from dinosaurs.

Paleornithologist Alan Feduccia sees Caudipteryx as a flightless bird evolving from earlier archosaurian dinosaurs rather than from late theropods.

The view that Caudipteryx was secondarily flightless is also preferred by Gregory S. Paul, Lü et al., and Maryańska et al.

They believe that Caudipteryx, like all maniraptorans, is a flightless bird, and that birds evolved from non-dinosaurian archosaurs.

Caudipteryx has a short tail stiffened toward the tip, with few vertebrae, like in birds and other oviraptorosaurs.

Size comparison of Caudipteryx species to a human.

Caudipteryx, like many other maniraptorans, has an interesting mix of reptile-and bird-like anatomical features.

Caudipteryx is thought to have been an omnivore.

All Caudipteryx fossils were recovered from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China.

However, not all scientists agreed that Caudipteryx was unambiguously non-avian, and some of them continued to doubt that general consensus.

Other researchers not normally involved in the debate over bird origins, such as Zhou, acknowledged that the true affinities of Caudipteryx were debatable.

Caudipteryx zoui fossil displayed in Hong Kong Science Museum.

That we had the wit and wisdom to adopt Mr. Lowell's concept and make it the base for our processes of selection is one reason why our selections have been, it may be said truly, pretty uniformly good.

Some early scientists such as Georg Ernst Stahl ( 1659-1734 ) and Francisque Bouillier ( 1813 – 1899 ) had supported a form of animism which life and mind, the directive principle in evolution and growth, holding that all cannot be traced back to chemical and mechanical processes, but that there is a directive force which guides energy without altering its amount.

He particularly criticized the Indo-European languages for promoting a mistaken essentialist world view, which had been disproved by advances in the sciences, whereas he suggested that other languages dedicated more attention to processes and dynamics rather than stable essences.

Botanical research has long had relevance to the understanding of fundamental biological processes other than just botany.

He spent his days at workshops, mastering manufacturing processes, and his nights writing what he had learned during the day.

It appears to me, that the general conclusions established by Mesmer ’ s practice, with respect to the physical effects of the principle of imagination [...] are incomparably more curious than if he had actually demonstrated the existence of his boasted science " animal magnetism ": nor can I see any good reason why a physician, who admits the efficacy of the moral psychological agents employed by Mesmer, should, in the exercise of his profession, scruple to copy whatever processes are necessary for subjecting them to his command, any more than that he should hesitate about employing a new physical agent, such as electricity or galvanism.

His main line of argument was that the tremendous displacements and changes he was seeing did not happen in a short period of time by means of catastrophe, but that processes still happening on the Earth in the present day had caused them.

Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d ' ancestor.

These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords.

Unlike processes to screen out male homosexuals, which had been in place since the creation of the American military, there were no methods to identify or screen for lesbians ; they were put into place gradually during World War II.

The same studies also found that the processes had negative cosmetic side effects.

Machines and processes that had been used to manufacture cut nails were adapted to work with coils of round steel wire.

Tabun itself was so hazardous that the final processes had to be performed while enclosed in double glass-lined chambers with a stream of pressurized air circulating between the walls.

Crucially, ostracism had no relation to the processes of justice.

Despite the advances in materials and the maturation of manufacturing processes, the United States market had not grown as quickly.

Planck ( cautiously ) insisted that this was simply an aspect of the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and had nothing to do with the physical reality of the radiation itself.

South Korea had maintained its commitment to democratize its political processes and this was the first transfer of the government between parties by peaceful means.

Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague " law of development " of Vestiges had not found scientific favour.

The editing of The Day After was one of the most nerve-wracking processes ABC had ever gone through in post-production of any of their films.

To accomplish this, the film had to be actually shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes as is done today.

A directory containing such files had its suid bit set and was made hidden from both ordinary and root processes under normal use.

However during the late twentieth century the term Indigenous peoples evolved into a legal category that refers to culturally distinct groups that had been affected by the processes of colonization.

The monograph Orthogonal polynomials, published in 1939, contains much of his research and has had a profound influence in many areas of applied mathematics, including theoretical physics, stochastic processes and numerical analysis.

Bion has been criticised, for example by Yalom, for his technical approach which had an exclusive focus on analysis of whole-group processes to the exclusion of any exploration of individual group members ' issues.