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Cetshwayo, c. 1875
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Cetshwayo and c
Photograph of Cetshwayo, c. 1875
Cetshwayo and .
* 1879 – Cetshwayo, last king of the Zulus, is captured by the British.
However, an important consideration, which King Cetshwayo appreciated, was that there was a clear difference between defending one's territory, and encroaching on another, regardless of the fact that they are at war with the holder of that land.
Indeed, the Zulu attacks on the British strongpoints at Rorke's Drift and at Kambula, ( both bloody defeats ) seemed to have been carried out by over-enthusiastic leaders and warriors despite contrary orders of the Zulu King, Cetshwayo.
Undoubtedly, Cetshwayo and his war leaders faced a tough and extremely daunting task-overcoming the challenge of concentrated rifled, machine gun ( Gatling gun ), and artillery fire on the battlefield.
* 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: the Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British troops and burnt to the ground, thus, ending the war and forcing King Cetshwayo to flee.
Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, son of the Zulu king Cetshwayo, was exiled at St Helena between 1890 and 1897.
* 1873 – Cetshwayo ascends to the throne as king of the Zulu nation following the death of his father Mpande.
* Cetshwayo kaMpande, Zulu king ( d. 1884 )
* July 22 – Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes a rebel attack with his life.
* Zulu king Cetshwayo returns to South Africa.
* February 8 – Cetshwayo kaMpande, Zulu king ( b. 1826 )
While the Undi Corps had been led by inkhosi kaMapitha at the Isandlwana battle, the command of the Undi Corps passed to Prince Dabulamanzi kaMpande ( half-brother of Cetshwayo kaMpande, the Zulu king ) when kaMapitha was wounded mopping up British fugitives from Isandlwana.
Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply.
Cetshwayo did not comply and Bartle Frere sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand.
The Transvaal Boers objected but as long as the Zulu threat remained, found themselves between two threats ; they feared that if they took up arms to resist the British annexation actively, King Cetshwayo and the Zulus would take the opportunity to attack.
Shepstone, in his capacity as British governor of Natal, had expressed concerns about the Zulu army under King Cetshwayo and the potential threat to Natal especially given the adoption by some of the Zulus of old muskets and other out of date firearms.
There were incidents involving Zulu paramilitary actions on either side of the Transvaal / Natal border, and Shepstone increasingly began to regard King Cetshwayo, who now found no defender in Natal save Bishop Colenso, as having permitted such " outrages ," and to be in a " defiant mood.
He had concluded that the powerful Zulu kingdom stood in the way of this, and so was receptive to Shepstone's arguments that King Cetshwayo and his Zulu army posed a threat to the peace of the region.
In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident.
This was unacceptable to the Zulus as it effectively meant that Cetshwayo, had he agreed, would have lost his throne.
At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi.
Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority.
When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler.
In 1861, Umtonga, a brother of Cetshwayo, and another son of Zulu king Mpande, fled to the Utrecht district, and Cetshwayo assembled an army on that frontier.
c and .
With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.
The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )
Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.
* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )
Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.
According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.
According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.
The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.
" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.
c and 1875
Image: Berthe Morisot 003. jpg | The Dining Room, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC c. 1875
In 1875, Frederick Hazleton's c. 1865 dramatic adaptation Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls ( see below ) was published as Vol 102 of Lacy's Acting Edition of Plays.
Robert Whitehead ( right ) with a battered test torpedo, Rijeka c. 1875
* September 19 – Jacob Morenga, Namibian rebel leader ( b. c. 1875 )
James Abbott McNeill Whistler | Whistler's Nocturne in Blue and Gold: Old Battersea Bridge ( c. 1872 – 1875 )
The station c. 1875.
Globe was founded c. 1875 as a mining camp.
c. 1875
* Children ’ s Songs, London, Marcus Ward, c. 1875.
The Payne Brothers as Clown and Harlequin, c. 1875
The sense of a trapezium as an irregular quadrilateral having no sides parallel was sometimes used in England from c. 1800 to c. 1875, but is now obsolete.
To fix this problem James Clerk Maxwell ( 1875 ) replaced the isotherm between a and c with a horizontal line positioned so that the areas of the two hatched regions are equal.
File: Castle of Blonay Gustave Courbet. jpg | The Castle of Blonay, c 1875
* Parish House, St. Luke's Church, Philadelphia, c. 1875.
* Charlotte Bill ( c. 1875 – 1965 ), known as Lalla, nanny of The Prince John, son of George V from 1905 until 1919, featured in the film The Lost Prince
Barnet also designed the Bathurst Police barracks ( c. 1875 ) and the Bathurst Gaol ( c. 1886 ) with the ornate lions head holding a key ( a Victorian symbol of secure and certain retribution ) standing over the gateway entrance.
In 1849, the fish market was moved off the streets into its own riverside building, which was subsequently demolished ( c. 1873 ) and replaced by an arcaded market hall ( designed by City architect Horace Jones, built by John Mowlem ) in 1875.
The port of Volos by Konstantinos Volanakis | Constantine Volanakis ( c. 1875 ).
Mirko Seljan ( April 5, 1871 – c. 1913 ) and Stevo Seljan ( August 19, 1875 – June 7, 1936 ), also croatized Stjepan, were Croatian explorers.
* 1875 ( c .) James Anthony Bailey starts his circus
* Harris, Howell J., “ Inventing the U. S. Stove Industry, c. 1815 – 1875: Making and Selling the First Universal Consumer Durable ,” Business History Review, 82 ( Winter 2008 ), 701 – 33, but T. A. Carrington received a patent for the stove on July 25, 1876.
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