In 1940, under the pen-name " Cato " he and two other Beaverbrook journalists ( Frank Owen, editor of the Standard, and Peter Howard of the Daily Express ) published Guilty Men, a Left Book Club book attacking the appeasement policy of the Chamberlain government that became a run-away best-seller.

He bribed the Papal Chamberlain, Paulus Afiarta, and other members of the papal court to spread rumors about them to the pope.

In another letter to his parents in June 1939, before the beginning of war, Powell wrote: " It is the English, not their Government ; for if they were not blind cowards, they would lynch Chamberlain and Halifax and all the other smarmy traitors ".

One of her political cartoons achieved a brief international fame: she drew Adolf Hitler as a crying baby in diapers, surrounded by Neville Chamberlain and other great European leaders, who tried to calm the baby down by giving it slices of cake – Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.

* The Jean Paul Museum in the former residence of Richard Wagner's daughter, Eva Chamberlain, with autographs, first editions of works, portraits and other pictorial material

Chamberlain accepted the post of Secretary of State for the Colonies, declining other positions.

Although Gladstone did not regard the NLF highly, he recognised the part it had played in winning the 1880 election, and was eager to reconcile Chamberlain and other Radicals to the mainly Whig cabinet.

" Accordingly, Chamberlain advocated investment in the tropics of Africa, the West Indies and other underdeveloped possessions, a policy that earned him the nickname " Joseph Africanus " among the press.

Arguing that British naval power could not stop Russia, Chamberlain favoured a coordinated policy with the United States and Japan, in which the three powers would demand that any concessions extracted from China by Russia should be shared among the other powers.

Chamberlain also believed that tariffs would generate finance for a scheme of old-age pensions and other social improvements.

Balfour hoped that Chamberlain would moderate his espousal of tariff reform in order to satisfy the majority of the Cabinet, and particularly the other prominent Liberal Unionist, Devonshire.

Wilder and Chamberlain enlisted several other investors from Indiana and Ohio, and the Roane Iron Company was chartered on June 18, 1867.

Of these 92, 1 is the Earl Marshal, a hereditary office always held by the Duke of Norfolk, 1 is the Lord Great Chamberlain, a hereditary office held in gross, currently by the Marquess of Cholmondeley, and the other 90 are elected by other Hereditary Peers.

In the House of Commons Chamberlain said that " The hard fact is that nothing could have arrested what has actually happened Austria unless this country and other countries had been prepared to use force.

" Seducing " actors ( as the legal term was ) back and forth between the companies was a key tactic in the ensuing struggle for position, and so were appeals to the Lord Chamberlain to issue injunctions against seductions from the other side, which that functionary was quite willing to do.

Angered by this, Chamberlain spoke at the Birmingham Town Hall on 15 May without the government's permission, arguing for an Empire-wide system of tariffs which would protect Imperial economies, forge the British Empire into one political entity and allow them to compete with other world powers.

The suggestion was no more Law's than it was any of the other dozens of conservatives who had suggested this to Balfour, and his comment was simply an attempt to " pass the buck " and avoid the anger of Austen Chamberlain, who was furious that such an announcement had been made without consulting him or the party.

Outside of Law's position, other Conservatives also gained positions in the new administration ; Arthur Balfour became First Lord of the Admiralty, Austen Chamberlain became Secretary of State for India and Edward Carson became Attorney General.

Baldwin offered Chamberlain the post of Lord Privy Seal, but Chamberlain insisted that other former ministers from the Coalition should be included as well and Baldwin refused.

Associated with the aristocratic Whig party of Lord Rockingham, Portland served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household in Rockingham's first Government ( 1765 – 1766 ) and then as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in Rockingham's second ministry ( April – August 1782 ); he resigned from Lord Shelburne's ministry along with other supporters of Charles James Fox following Rockingham's death.

In short order he was appointed Chamberlain, Admiral of England, and to several other important offices.

Consequently, Chamberlain tendered his resignation, and Labour and the Conservatives entered a coalition government led by Winston Churchill.

The Conservatives denounced Chamberlain as an anarchist, with some even comparing him to Dick Turpin.

At first, Chamberlain was reluctant to anger his Radical followers by joining forces with the anti-Home Rule Whigs and Conservatives.

He awaited the development of events while saying little about the topic publicly, but Chamberlain privately damned Gladstone and the concept of Home Rule to colleagues, believing that maintaining the Conservatives in power for a further year would make the Irish question easier to settle.

In the meantime, Chamberlain consulted with Arthur Balfour, Salisbury's nephew, over the possibility of concerted action with the Conservatives, and contemplated similar cooperation with the Whigs.

The appointment of Goschen to the Treasury isolated Chamberlain further and symbolised the good relationship between non-Radical Liberal Unionists and the Conservatives.

Chamberlain hoped that an accord would enable him to claim the future leadership of the party and that he would gain influence over the Conservatives simply from the negotiations occurring.

With Gladstone returned to power and unwilling to see Chamberlain back with the Liberal Party, and the Liberal Unionists reduced to 47 seats nationwide, a closer relationship with the Conservatives was necessary.

When Hartington took his seat in the House of Lords as the Duke of Devonshire, Chamberlain was able to assume the leadership of the Liberal Unionists in the House of Commons, resulting in a productive relationship with Balfour, leader of the Conservatives in the Commons.

While Rosebery neglected the topic of Home Rule, Chamberlain continued to form alliances with the Conservatives, and spoke warily about socialism and the Independent Labour Party, which had one MP, Keir Hardie.

Despite Chamberlain's organisational skills and immense popularity, many Conservatives still mistrusted his Radicalism, and Chamberlain was aware of the difficulties that would be presented by being part of a Liberal Unionist minority leading a Conservative majority.

However, as Austen Chamberlain was still officially at least a Liberal Unionist, his candidature was opposed by many Conservatives, because they already had the Liberal Unionist Lord Lansdowne leading them in the House of Lords.

Only 157 Conservatives were returned to the House of Commons, at least two-thirds of them followers of Chamberlain, who briefly chaired the Conservative MPs until Balfour won a safe seat in the City of London.

He was the first leader of the Conservatives not to have become Prime Minister since Austen Chamberlain in the early 1920s.

The Liberal split made the Unionists ( the Liberal Unionists sat in coalition with the Conservatives after 1895 and would eventually merge with them ) the dominant force in British politics until 1906, with strong support in Lancashire, Liverpool & Manchester, Birmingham ( the fiefdom of its former mayor Joseph Chamberlain who as recently as 1885 had been a furious enemy of the Conservatives ) and the House of Lords where many Whigs sat ( a second Home Rule Bill would pass the Commons in 1893 only to be overwhelmingly defeated in the Lords ).

The group met approximately twenty times at Buckingham Palace between June and November 1910, with the Conservatives represented by Arthur Balfour, Lord Cawdor, Lord Lansdowne and Austen Chamberlain.

Many leading Conservatives ( e. g. Birkenhead, Arthur Balfour, Austen Chamberlain, Robert Horne ) were not members of the new Cabinet, which was contemptuously referred to as " the Second Eleven ".

Owing to the prominence of his father and the alliance between the anti-Home Rule Liberal Unionists and Conservatives, Chamberlain was returned unopposed on 30 March, and at the first sitting of the new session he walked up the floor of the house flanked by his father and his uncle Richard.

Conservatives in the House of Lords began to publicly oppose the coalition, and disregarded calls for support from Chamberlain.

More respected in this period than Churchill, Chamberlain became something of an icon to young Conservatives, as the last survivor of the Victorian Age of high politics.

However, when in 1886 the whigs led by Lord Hartington and a few radicals led by Joseph Chamberlain, split the party, formed the Liberal Unionist Party and gave their backing to the Conservatives, Scott's Manchester Guardian swung to the left and helped Gladstone lead the party towards support for Irish Home Rule and ultimately the " new liberalism ".

Unable to work with Chamberlain, Goschen left the Liberal Unionists and joined the Conservatives in 1893-one obvious sign of his change of allegiance within the Unionist alliance was when he joined the Carlton Club in 1893.