Chamorro ’ s peace reforms are perhaps her most enduring.

Chamorro additionally allowed for the Sandinista ’ s agrarian reform movement ’ s redistribution of land to be maintained, and retained Daniel Ortega ’ s brother, Humberto Ortega, as a military leader.

Some people in Chamorro ’ s campaign team were hoping to get $ 1 billion worth of aid from the United States to help rebuild the country after years of civil war.

However, the Bush administration instead gave $ 300 million to the country in the first year of Chamorro ’ s presidency, 1990, and $ 241 million the year after.

Chamorro ’ s presidency faced decreased US interest to the point that when Chamorro came to the US in April 1991 to ask Congress for more economic aid, few members even showed up to listen to her.

Chamorro ’ s administration denied the allegations while still trying to meet Helms ’ demands.

" Chapter 2 in Tiempon I Manmofo ’ na: Ancient Chamorro Culture and History of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Venezuela's President at the moment, Carlos Andres Perez, was put to trial in his country after it was discovered that he had destined funds to support the campaign that go Violeta Chamorro to the Presidency.

Chamorro Cardenal also increased the anti-Somoza rhetoric of his editorials, placing La Prensa under graver threat by the Somoza Regime.

The country tipped into full scale civil war with the 1978 murder of Pedro Chamorro, who had opposed violence against the regime.

The only time the “ recontras ” attempted to resurface was in 1994, and Chamorro quickly suppressed the violence through a peace agreement.

The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 44. 9 % non-Hispanic white, 9. 0 % black or African American, 1. 1 % Native American, 0. 1 % Asian, 2. 1 % Pacific Islander ( all of whom where Guamanian or Chamorro ), 36. 8 % reporting some other race and 3. 0 % from two or more races.

Chamorro language has suffered from suppression by the Americans who banned Chamorro language completely in schools in 1922 and collected all Chamorro dictionaries and burned them ( Skutnabb-Kangas 2000: 206 ; Mühlhäusler 1996: 109 ; Benton 1981: 122 ).

In virtually all cases of borrowing, Spanish words were forced to conform to the Chamorro sound system.

It is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, and is considered to be one of two languages in Micronesia ( the other being Chamorro ) belonging to the Sunda – Sulawesi group ; all others are considered to be members of either the Micronesian or Polynesian outlier subgroups of Oceanic.

In most languages, vowels of all heights are nasalized indiscriminately, but preference occurs in select few languages, such as to high vowels in Chamorro and low vowels in Thai.

After Spain annexed and conquered the Marianas, the caste system eventually became extinct under Spanish rule, and all of the indigenous residents of the archipelago eventually came to be referred to by the Spanish exonym " Chamorro ".

Possible explanations include that the Nicaraguan people were disenchanted with the Ortega regime as well as the fact that already in November 1989, the White House had announced that the economic embargo against Nicaragua would continue unless Violeta Chamorro won.

The " latte stones " familiar to Guam residents and visitors alike were in fact a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamorro society.

Assuming the stones were used for chiefly houses, it can be argued that Chamorro society was becoming more stratified, either from population growth or the arrival of new people.

Japanese nationals were eventually repatriated, and the indigenous Chamorro and Carolinians returned to the land.

The members of the new junta were Daniel Ortega ( FSLN ), Moisés Hassan ( FPN ), Sergio Ramírez ( the " Twelve "), Alfonso Robelo ( MDN ) and Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, the widow of La Prensas director Pedro Joaquín Chamorro.

Two opposition members, businessman Alfonso Robelo, and Violeta Barrios de Chamorro ( the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro ), were also appointed.

Around 1815, many Carolinians from Satawal settled Saipan during a period when the Chamorros were imprisoned on Guam, which resulted in a significant loss of land and rights for the Chamorro natives.

In spite of the conflicting political views of her children, Chamorro encouraged and hosted family dinners during which she insisted political affiliations were temporarily forgotten in the interest of family harmony.

The elections were known for being tremendously influenced by the United States: in addition to the White House's insistence that the embargo would continue if Chamorro were not elected, the White House also contributed $ 9 Million to Chamorro's UNO party.

Predictably, the aid cut-off, subsequent freeze, and Helms ' demands were put forward in October, the month after Chamorro withdrew the compensation claims associated with the Nicaragua vs. United States verdict.

In 1672, Pedro Calungsod, a teenage indigenous Visayan catechist and Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Spanish friar, were both martyred in Guam during their mission to preach Christianity to the Chamorro people.

Fernberger wrote in his account of the Chamorro that " penis pins " were employed as a chastity measure for young males, a practice similarly employed by inhabitants at least as far south as Indonesia.

It was led by Rear-Admiral Rubén Jacinto Chamorro and Captain Carlos Acosta Ambone, and among its ranks were Jorge Eduardo Acosta, Alfredo Astiz, Ricardo Miguel Cavallo and Adolfo Scilingo.

Violeta Chamorro became president. The national averages of valid votes for president were:

Also present on the island were 68 U. S. Navy personnel and about 1, 221 civilian workers for the Morrison-Knudsen Company. 45 Chamorro men were employed by Pan American Airways at the company's facilities in Wake Island, one of the stops on the Pan Am Clipper transPacific air service initiated in 1935.

His brothers were Dionisio Chamorro Alfaro and Fernando Chamorro Alfaro.

Under the Bryan – Chamorro Treaty of 1914, the islands were leased to the United States for a period of 99 years.

Under an agreement between President-elect Chamorro of the National Opposition Union ( Unión Nacional Oppositora-UNO ) and the defeated FSLN party, General Humberto Ortega, former defense minister and commander in chief of the EPS under the Sandinistas, remained at the head of the armed forces.

Daniel Ortega remained the head of the FSLN, but his brother Humberto resigned from the party and remained at the head of the Sandinista Army, becoming a close confidante and supporter of Chamorro.

In addition to the historic sites at the Plaza de España and the Basilica, Latte Stone Park and the Chamorro Village shopping area offer further information about the island's history and culture.

The Chamorro are commonly believed to have come from Southeast Asia at around 2000 BC.

Certain Chamorro values such as inafa ' maolek ( which could be translated as interdependence ) and practices such as balutan ( the taking of leftover food from fiestas and parties to be eaten later ) are still a part of the culture ( usually seen in the Marianas ), and are regularly expressed within families, and openly at gatherings such as village fiestas, parties ; however more solemnly at nobenas where reverence and respect are expected of attending persons.

The modern culture is strongly influenced by American customs and values, partly because the Marianas ( Guam and the CNMI have different political standings ) are currently under the possession of the United States of America, as organized but unincorporated territories ; in addition, persons of Chamorro descent live in several states, mentioned in the introduction at the beginning, and as such are also influenced by the American culture.

Pregnant Chamorro women are often told to use perfume to mask their scent or to wear their husband's clothing, and to stay indoors at night to keep taotaomo ' na away.

In preparation for the siege, President Chamorro placed himself at the headquarters of the Army and left executive authority with his deputy, José María Estrada.

A victim of dysentery, Fruto Chamorro died at his hacienda outside Granada on 12 March 1855.

Under the insistence of Padre San Vitores, he became the first Chamorro buried at the church site despite protests by Chamorro leaders who desired a traditional burial.