* The Admonitio Generalis is passed by Charlemagne.

In the 9th century, with the consent of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, it passed under the popes ; but by the 11th century its commune was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities — Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo etc.

Little is known of Lothair's early life, which was probably passed at the court of his grandfather Charlemagne.

His son Charlemagne, who was crowned emperor in Rome in 800, passed the ceremony to the Holy Roman Empire, and this tradition acquired as well a newly constitutive function in England with the kings Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror immediately crowned in Westminster abbey in 1066.

Charlemagne led the Neustrian army over Vasconia into the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees through Catalonia.

The Patrol successfully passed several enemy checkpoints in order to assassinate the guerilla leader Charlemagne Péralte near Grande-Rivière-du-Nord.

Charlemagne came down with an army, and his son Louis the Pious sent men, to force the Beneventan duke to submit, but his submission and promises were never kept and Arechis and his successors were de facto independent.

Charlemagne had one such pillar chopped down in 772.

* April 14 – Charlemagne spends Easter in Treviso after putting down a revolt by Friuli and Spoleto, removing Hrodgaud, the Duke of Friuli, from power, and signing a treaty with Hildeprand, the Duke of Spoleto.

The brothers shared possession of Aquitaine, which broke into rebellion upon the death of Pepin the Short ; when Charlemagne in 769 led an army into Aquitaine to put down the revolt, Carloman led his own army there to assist, before quarrelling with his brother at Moncontour, near Poitiers, and withdrawing, troops and all.

We find it laid down in the pontificate of Archbishop Ecgbert of York, A. D. 732-766, and referred to as a canonical rule in a capitulary of Charlemagne, and it was finally established as a law of the church in the pontificate of Pope Gregory VII, ca 1085.

After a bloody and highly attritious thirty-year campaign between 772 – 804 the Old Saxons led by Widukind were worn down, slaughtered, exiled and eventually subdued by Charlemagne.

Charlemagne had a keen interest in learning, according to his biographer Einhard:

Charlemagne took a serious interest in scholarship, promoting the liberal arts at the court, ordering that his children and grandchildren be well-educated, and even studying himself under the tutelage of Paul the Deacon, from whom he learned grammar, Alcuin, with whom he studied rhetoric, dialect and astronomy ( he was particularly interested in the movements of the stars ), and Einhard, who assisted him in his studies of arithmetic.

During the Carolingian era, King Charlemagne believed in the spiritual powers of gemstones and minerals, and their magical connection to heaven.

The sponsors of the prize, the City of Aachen, refer to Charlemagne as the " Founder of Western Culture ", and assert that under his reign, the City of Aachen was once the spiritual and political centre of the whole of what is now western Europe.

They said that the popes had found it impossible to recall to their allegiance and to due respect for ecclesiastical discipline the Frankish lords who had possessed themselves of episcopal sees ; that these lords, insensible to censures and anathemas, rude and untaught, recognized no authority but that of force ; and that the popes had, therefore, granted to Carloman, Pepin, and Charlemagne a spiritual authority which they were to exercise only under papal control.

" At the court of Charlemagne the Norse were given this attribution, implying un-Christian and less-than-human qualities: " I am greatly saddened " said the King of the Franks, in Notker's Life, " that I have not been thought worthy to let my Christian hand sport with these dog-heads.

A Carolingian castle, built on the site of the Roman castle by the grandson of Charlemagne, Louis the German, is mentioned in 835 ( in castro Turicino iuxta fluvium Lindemaci ).

Charles's grandson, Charlemagne, became the first Christian ruler to begin what would be called the Reconquista from Europe.

Louis ( also Ludwig or Lewis ) the German ( 806 – 28 August 876 ), also known as Louis II, was a grandson of Charlemagne and the third son of the succeeding Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye.

Though Charles Martel chose not to take the title King, as his son Pepin III the Short would, or Emperor, as his grandson Charlemagne would be titled, he was absolute ruler of virtually all of today's continental Western Europe north of the Pyrenees.

* Pepin I of Aquitaine, grandson of Charlemagne, son of Louis the Pious )

This makes him the great-great-great-great-great grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy.

It was awarded to William of Gellone, a grandson of Charles Martel and therefore a cousin of Charlemagne, around the year 800 for his services in the wars against the Moors and reconquering southern France and the Spanish March.

( 795-844 ), a Frankish historian, was the grandson of Charlemagne, by Bertha, a daughter of the emperor.

Under the nearly continuous campaigns of Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne — father, son, grandson — the greatest expansion of the Frankish empire was secured by the early 9th century.

The scholars of Charlemagne, grandson of Charles Martel, made much for the renown of the Battle of Poitiers.

Through the marriage of William the Hardy, grandfather of the 1st Earl, to Eleanor de Lovaine, The Earls of Douglas could trace their ancestry to the Landgraves of Brabant, the Counts of Hainaut, and through them to Charles the Bald, grandson of the emperor Charlemagne.

Resenting Louis ' actions, Bernard began plotting with a group of magnates: Eggideo, Reginhard, and Reginhar, the last being the grandson of a Thuringian rebel against Charlemagne, Hardrad.

History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol.

After the 768 death of Frankish King Pepin the Short, his son Charles consolidated his control over his kingdom and became known as " Charles the Great " or " Charlemagne.

The Holy Roman Empire looked to Charlemagne, Charles the Great, King of the Franks, as its founder, who had been crowned Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day in 800 by Pope Leo III.

In the century or so following Charlemagne ’ s death, his newly empowered warrior class grew stronger still, and Charles the Bald declared their fiefs to be hereditary.

In the Divisio Regnorum of 806, Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as emperor and chief king, ruling over the Frankish heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Iron Crown of Lombardy, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest.

But in the event, Charlemagne's other legitimate sons died – Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811 – and Louis alone remained to be crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne in 813.

In 800 Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish ruler Charlemagne as Roman Emperor, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the Holy Roman Empire ; from that date onward the popes claimed the prerogative to crown the Emperor, though the right fell into disuse after the coronation of Charles V in 1530.

* Pepin the Short ( 714 – 768 ), king of the Franks since 751, dies ; he is succeeded by his sons Carloman ( eastern Franks ) and Charles, aka Charlemagne ( western Franks ).

History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol.

Frederick in the meantime was focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the canonization of Charles the Great ( Charlemagne ) at Aachen, done under the authority of the antipope Paschal III.

History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol.

History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol.

History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol.

After Charles Martel countered the Moorish invasion from Spain ( 732 — Poitiers ), the King Charlemagne ( born close to Liège in Herstal or Jupille ) brought a huge part of Europe under his rule and was crowned the " Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire " by the Pope Leo III ( 800 in Aachen ).

Both parties claimed descent from Charles the Great ( Charlemagne ) and were thus distantly related.

) Had Charles Martel failed, Henry Hallam argued, there would have been no Charlemagne, no Holy Roman Empire or Papal States ; all these depended upon Charles's containment of Islam from expanding into Europe while the Caliphate was unified and able to mount such a conquest.

During this chaotic period, Provence was ruled by Frankish kings of Merovingian dynasty, then Carolingian Kings, descended from Charles Martel ; and then was part of the empire of Charlemagne ( 742 – 814 ).

Although he completed the remainder of his education at Collège Charlemagne ( alumni include Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve ), Gautier's most significant instruction came from his father, who prompted him to become a Latin scholar by age 18.

This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany, and its beginning date is based on the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, and ends with the death of Charles the Fat.

Carloman died in a hunting accident in 884 after a tumultuous and ineffective reign, and his lands were inherited by Charles the Fat, effectively recreating the Empire of Charlemagne.

* Charlemagne ( 742 – 814 ), Blessed Charles the Great, Holy Roman Emperor