Angilbert, in contrast, spent a great deal rebuilding Saint-Riquier, and when he completed it Charlemagne spent Easter of the year 800 there.

Around 1439, Gutenberg was involved in a financial misadventure making polished metal mirrors ( which were believed to capture holy light from religious relics ) for sale to pilgrims to Aachen: in 1439 the city was planning to exhibit its collection of relics from Emperor Charlemagne but the event was delayed by one year due to a severe flood and the capital already spent could not be repaid.

Charlemagne is thought to have spent considerable time in Paderborn and nearby parts.

His early years were partly spent at the court of his grandfather, Charlemagne, whose special affection he is said to have won.

The Kings only spent a short time there, e. g. Charlemagne in August 774, Lothair I in 841 or Louis the German in 842, but the power of the church in Speyer continued to grow.

Anselm spent the seven years of his exile at the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino, but returned to Nonantola after Desiderius was taken prisoner by Charlemagne in 774.

As a kinsman and trusted comes he spent his youth in the court of Charlemagne.

" The most learned man anywhere to be found " according to Einhard's Life of Charlemagne, he is considered among the most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance.

Einhard was a dedicated servant of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious ; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the Vita Karoli Magni, " one of the most precious literary bequests of the early Middle Ages.

The most famous of Einhard's works is his biography of Charlemagne, the Vita Karoli Magni, " The Life of Charlemagne " ( c. 817 – 836 ), which provides much direct information about Charlemagne's life and character, written sometime between 817 and 830.

Aethelbald and Offa, the two most powerful kings, achieved high status ; indeed, Offa was considered the overlord of south Britain by Charlemagne.

Like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire created by Charlemagne, but locally ruled by its bishops, the first being Guibodus.

Charlemagne established across them the vassal regions of Pamplona, Aragon and Catalonia ( which was itself formed from a number of small counties, Pallars, Gerona, and Urgell being the most prominent ) respectively.

Napoleon had succeeded in bringing most of Western Europe under one rule — a feat that had not been accomplished since the days of the Roman Empire ( although Charlemagne had nearly done so around 800 CE ).

Louis is considered by many to be the most competent of the grandsons of Charlemagne.

When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, his was styled as " most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire ," thus constituting the elements of " Holy " and " Roman " in the imperial title.

When Charlemagne conquered most of the Lombard kingdoms, some Umbrian territories were given to the Pope, who established temporal power over them.

Although he completed the remainder of his education at Collège Charlemagne ( alumni include Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve ), Gautier's most significant instruction came from his father, who prompted him to become a Latin scholar by age 18.

The Carolingian Empire at the death of Charlemagne covered most of Western Europe like the Roman Empire had before.

The chant developed in isolation prior to the Islamic invasion and was not subject to the Papacy's enforcement of the Gregorian chant as the standard chant around the time of Charlemagne, by which time the Muslim's had conquered most of the Iberian peninsula.

The advent of scholarly reforms by Charlemagne, who was particularly interested in music, began a period of intense activity in the monasteries of the writing and copying of treatises in music theory – the Musica enchiriadis is one of the earliest and most interesting of these.

Probably the most unpopular of all his reforms was his attempted modernization of the highly traditional Catholic Church which in ancient times had helped establish the Holy Roman Empire beginning with Charlemagne.

His son Charlemagne assumed even greater power when he was crowned emperor in 800, thus becoming one of the most prominent figures in European history.

The most famous expositions appear in Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade ( 1927, based on a series of lectures of 1922 ) and in his posthumous Mohammed and Charlemagne ( 1937 ), published from Pirenne's first draft.

Perhaps his edition of the Leges Visigothorum ( 1579 ) was his most valuable contribution to historical science ; in the same line he edited the Capitula of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, and Charles the Bald in 1588, and he also assisted his brother François in preparing an edition of the Corpus juris canonici ( 1687 ).

Another theory is that the offensive use of the word arose during the Wars of the Roses when Royalty and nobility or those " of the blood " ( meaning blue-blooded descendants of Charlemagne ) wrought death and the most bloody destruction on England.

The Charlemagne Prize (; full name originally Internationaler Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen, International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen, since 1988 Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen, International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen ) is one of the most prestigious European prizes.

Angilbert was the Homer of the emperor's literary circle, and was the probable author of an epic, of which the fragment which has been preserved describes the life at the palace and the meeting between Charlemagne and Leo III.

Leo, who was of non-noble birth, had risen in the hierarchy of Rome and was elected Pope only one day after the burial of his predecessor, Pope Adrian I, who had worked for good relations between Rome and the Frankish Empire under Charlemagne.

Placing his hope in the Franks, he attempted to mediate in the quarrels between Charlemagne and Carloman, which were only helping the Lombard ’ s cause in Italy.

The Treaty of Verdun ( Verdun-sur-Meuse, August 843 ) was a treaty between the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms.

In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.

* The Battle of Canburg is fought between Charlemagne and the Slavs.

The first documented use of the name Wiesbaden is by Einhard, the biographer of Charlemagne, whose writings mention " Wisabada " sometime between 828 and 830.

Millennialist movements were very common in Europe at that time: between 760 and 780 a series of cosmic phenomena caused panic among the population of Gaul ; John, a visionary monk, predicted the coming of the Last Judgement during the reign of Charlemagne.

" In 811 Charlemagne made the Drave river the boundary between the Dioceses of Salzburg and Aquileia.

In 843 the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne was divided among his sons and the river Scheldt became the border between West Francia and East Francia.

The cooperation between the Papacy and the Carolingian dynasty climaxed in 800, when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne the first " Emperor of the Romans " (' Augustus Romanorum ').

She negotiated a marriage between her son and Rotrude, a daughter of Charlemagne by his third wife Hildegard.

Nevertheless, Irene is said to have endeavoured to negotiate a marriage between herself and Charlemagne ; but according to Theophanes the Confessor, who alone mentions it, the scheme was frustrated by Aetios, one of her favourites.

The term " Neustria " took on the meaning of " land between the Seine and Loire " when it was given as a regnum ( kingdom ) by Charlemagne to his eldest son, Charles the Younger, in 790.

Relations between the two then degenerated further, requiring the mediation of their mother, Bertrada, who appears to have favoured Charlemagne, with whom she would live out her widowhood, over Carloman.

However it was, by the end of the year Bertrada and Charlemagne had successfully encircled Carloman: Charlemagne had married Desiderata, the daughter of the Lombard king Desiderius, Carloman's immediate eastern neighbor, and the marriage created an alliance between Charlemagne and the Lombards ; Bertrada had also secured for Charlemagne the friendship of Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria, her husband's nephew ; she had even attempted to secure Papal support for the marriage by arranging for Desiderius to cede to Rome certain territories to which the Papacy laid claim, although Pope Stephen III remained in theory hostile to an alliance between his allies the Franks and his enemies the Lombards, and in reality deeply conflicted between the threat the Lombards posed to him and the chance to dispose of the anti-Lombard Christopher the Primicerius, the dominant figure at the Papal court.