However, he also often relied on help from his closest collaborators, such as his long-time cinematographer Roland Totheroh, brother Sydney Chaplin and various assistant directors, such as Harry Crocker and Charles Reisner.

It was financed and built through " The Big Four " ( who called themselves " The Associates "): Sacramento, California businessmen Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins.

* Oral history interview with Stephen Crocker, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.

Failing to raise funds for the project in San Francisco, he succeeded in signing up four Sacramento merchants — the " Big Four ": Leland Stanford, Collis P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker.

Huntington changed Judah's strategy of finding several investors and instead sought to raise the money from three partners: Mark Hopkins, his business partner ; James Bailey, a jeweler ; Leland Stanford, a grocer, future governor of California, and founder of Stanford University ; and Charles Crocker, a dry-goods merchant and eventual owner of Crocker Banks.

Peary's next expedition was supported by a $ 50, 000 gift by George Crocker, who was the youngest son of Charles Crocker.

It was named after Judge William B. Benson, a friend of Charles Crocker, president of the Southern Pacific Railroad.

This land was to be laid out in business and residential lots and 5 – 12 acre parcels for a town named " Crocker " after Charles Crocker, which was later changed to " Templeton ", after Crocker's son.

* Skyfarm — Built by William H. Crocker, namesake of Crocker middle school, and grandson of Charles Crocker of California's Big Four railroad magnates.

The 75-room, three-story Crocker Mansion was built in 1901 for George Crocker, son of the railroad magnate Charles Crocker.

His other three associates were Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, and Collis P. Huntington.

She then worked in London as secretary to the solicitor, William Charles Crocker.

In 1862 four rich San Francisco merchants ( Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins ) took charge, with Crocker in charge of construction.

The hotel was famed not only for its balanced design and private tranquility but for its wealthy guests including the Vanderbilts, the Rockefellers, the Guggenheims, and the heirs of Charles Crocker, J. P. Morgan and Philip Danforth Armour.

Collis Potter Huntington ( October 22, 1821 – August 13, 1900 ) was one of the Big Four of western railroading ( along with Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker ) who built the Central Pacific Railroad as part of the first U. S. transcontinental railroad.

In the late 1850s, Huntington and Hopkins joined forces with two other successful businessmen, Leland Stanford and Charles Crocker, to pursue the idea of creating a rail line that would connect the America's East and West.

Loewe retired to Palm Springs, California while Lerner went through a series of musicals, some successful, some not, with such composers as André Previn ( Coco ), John Barry ( Lolita, My Love ), Leonard Bernstein ( 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue ), Burton Lane ( Carmelina ) and Charles Strouse ( Dance a Little Closer, based on the film, Idiot's Delight, nicknamed Close A Little Faster by Broadway wags because it closed on opening night ).

Mumy was born in San Gabriel, California, the son of Muriel Gertrude ( née Gould ) and Charles William Mumy, Sr., a cattle rancher.

In 1909, at 16 years of age, Newby began regularly playing records on a small spark transmitter while a student at Herrold College of Engineering and Wireless, located in San Jose, California, under the authority of radio pioneer Charles " Doc " Herrold.

Eve Arden was born Eunice M. Quedens ( pronounced qwi-DENZ ) in Mill Valley, California, to Lucille and Charles Peter Quedens.

With financial backing from Adam Kessel and Charles O. Bauman of the New York Motion Picture Company, in 1912 Sennett founded Keystone Studios in Edendale, California, ( which is now a part of Echo Park ).

He roomed and collaborated for some time with bassist Charles Mingus, before getting a job on Billy Eckstine's California tour, which eventually brought him back to New York.

* 1971 – A Los Angeles, California jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and three female followers.

* 1993 – Savings and loan crisis: The United States Senate Ethics Committee issues a stern censure of California senator Alan Cranston for his " dealings " with savings-and-loan executive Charles Keating.

" The Stanfords visited Harvard's president, Charles Eliot, and asked how much it would cost to duplicate Harvard in California.

The first slot machine was invented by Charles Fey of San Francisco, California, U. S., who devised a much simpler automatic mechanism.

* Charles Musser, Before the Nickelodeon: Edwin S Porter and the Edison Manufacturing Company ( University of California Press, USA, 1991 )

** Savings and loan crisis: The United States Senate Ethics Committee issues a stern censure of California senator Alan Cranston for his dealings with savings-and-loan executive Charles Keating.

** Followers of Charles Manson murder Sharon Tate, ( who was eight months pregnant ), and her friends: Folgers coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, and Hollywood hairstylist Jay Sebring at the home of Tate and her husband, Roman Polanski, in Los Angeles, California.

** A Los Angeles, California jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and 3 female followers.

* April 9 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death ; in 1972, the sentence for all California Death Row inmates is commuted to life imprisonment.

** December 20 Charles Joseph Volcher was born at Saint Francis Hospital in Lynwood California.

** In Sacramento, California, Lynette Fromme, a follower of jailed cult leader Charles Manson, attempts to assassinate U. S. President Gerald Ford, but is thwarted by a Secret Service agent.

* May 14 – Charles III of Spain sends Spanish missionaries, who found California missions in San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco and Monterey and begin the settlement of California.

Appleton was born in Los Angeles, California on January 4, 1939 to Jewish parents: Helen Jacobs Appleton ( born Philadelphia, 1908 ) and Charles Leonard Appleton ( born Haim Eppel Boim in Kishenov, Moldavia, 1900 ).

The first working laser was made by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960 at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California, beating several research teams including those of Charles H. Townes at Columbia University, Arthur Schawlow at Bell Labs, and Gould at a company called TRG ( Technical Research Group ).

Studio pottery — exemplified by the Grueby Faience Company, Newcomb Pottery in New Orleans, Marblehead Pottery, Teco pottery, Overbeck and Rookwood pottery and Mary Chase Perry Stratton's Pewabic Pottery in Detroit, as well as the art tiles made by Ernest A. Batchelder in Pasadena, California, and idiosyncratic furniture of Charles Rohlfs all demonstrate the influence of Arts and Crafts.

In 1988, Democratic Assemblyman Condit was a member of the " Gang of Five ," consisting of Condit, Charles M. Calderon of Whittier, Gerald R. Eaves of Rialto, Rusty Areias of Los Banos, and Steve Peace of Chula Vista, California.

Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate ; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection ; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian ; James Hutton, regarded as the " Father of Geology "; John Napier inventor of logarithms ; chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black ; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson ; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford ; mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh.

Some programmers, including Dan Bernstein, getmail creator Charles Cazabon and FreeBSD developer Terry Lambert, have criticized Fetchmail's design, its number of security holes, and that it was prematurely put into " maintenance mode ".

The company was bought by property developer Charles Clore in 1945 and he sold it in 1947 to the bankers Lazard Brothers.

The development of Vestavia Hills as a residential suburb began in 1946, when developer Charles Byrd planned a subdivision for approximately a thousand persons on the southern flank of Shades Mountain.

After his death in 1898, the land went to his son, George Wilhelm Bean, who partnered with Charles Roser, a wealthy real estate developer from St. Petersburg, to form the Anna Maria Beach Company to develop the area.

Formerly the president of the Iowa Agricultural College in Ames, Dr. Knapp arrived in Lake Charles in 1884 and went to work running an agricultural business for land developer Jabez B. Watkins.

The mall was developed in a joint effort with a local Real Estate developer, Charles Steffey.

The city was named for Samuel Hardin, a friend of developer Charles Henry Morrill.

Charles F. Vatterott, the developer and builder of most of the residential and commercial properties in St. Ann, started the community as a housing project for families of workers employed in nearby defense plants.

Charles K. Landis was a land developer who was the driving force behind the creation of Hammonton and Vineland.

In the late 1800's Philadelphian developer Anthony S. Drexel realized the impact of train travel on land development and sent Charles W. Leavitt to the northern New Jersey area near the end of the Caldwell line.

It was named for town site developer Charles N. Haskell, the first state governor of Oklahoma,

" The city is named for Charles Huber, the developer who constructed a number of the houses that would later comprise the city.

The law was named for its developer, Charles Goodhart, a former advisor to the Bank of England and Emeritus Professor at the London School of Economics.

* Charles Wister Groff ( 1898 – 1987 ), a renowned southern California real estate developer and philanthropist

Spare's major patron during this period was the wealthy property developer Pickford Waller, although other admirers included Desmond Coke, Ralph Strauss, Lord Howard de Walden and Charles Ricketts.

* The Oxford Music Hall, 14 / 16 Oxford Street ( 1861 )-built on the site of an old coaching inn called the Boar and Castle by Charles Morton, the pioneer music hall developer of The Canterbury, who with this development brought music hall to the West End.

Addie married Charles M. Webster, but died at the age of 25 ; Susan married Fred B. Snyder and died at the age of 28 ; Sarah Belle married Edward C. Gale, an area lawyer and son of the area's first real estate developer, Samuel Chester Gale.

The new family consists of Charles ( Jeffrey Jones ), a former real estate developer ; his second wife Delia ( Catherine O ' Hara ), an aspiring sculptor ; and his goth daughter Lydia ( Winona Ryder ) from his first marriage.

* Sir Charles Oatley, developer of one of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes, was born at 5 Badcox in Frome in 1904.

San Antonio developer Charles Martin Wender used the same tactic for his Westover Hills development, offering free land through the middle of his property for SH 151 as well as paying half the costs for the initial frontage road construction.

The Egyptian Theatre was built by showman Sid Grauman and real estate developer Charles E. Toberman, who subsequently built the nearby El Capitan Theatre and Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard.

Charles Atlas, born Angelo Siciliano ( October 30, 1892, Acri, Italy – December 23, 1972, Long Beach, New York ), was the developer of a bodybuilding method and its associated exercise program that was best known for a landmark advertising campaign featuring Atlas's name and likeness ; it has been described as one of the longest-lasting and most memorable ad campaigns of all time.

In July 2006, Jared Kushner, a 25-year-old law student and son of a wealthy New Jersey developer, Charles Kushner, purchased the paper for just under $ 10 million.