Chemical structure of a unit from a chitin polymer chain.

As part of this effort to move up the value chain, the Institute of Chemical and Engineering Science ( an A * STAR research institute ) has been set up on Jurong Island.

Chemical structure of one unit in a chondroitin sulfate chain.

* Chemical aspects of polypeptide chain structures and the cyclol theory 1965.

Chemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth, with the first 98 considered to be naturally occurring, while those with atomic numbers beyond 98 have only been produced artificially as the synthetic products of man-made nuclear reactions.

Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics.

# Chemical reactions

Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants.

Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which graphically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions.

Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration, and rapid reactions are often described as spontaneous, requiring no input of extra energy other than thermal energy.

Chemical reactions such as combustion in the fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity.

Chemical equations are used to graphically illustrate chemical reactions.

Chemical reactions are determined by the laws of thermodynamics.

Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores.

" Chemical affinity ", historically, refers to the " force " that causes chemical reactions.

Chemical exothermic reactions are generally more spontaneous than their counterparts, endothermic reactions.

Chemical endothermic reactions need heat to be performed.

Category: Chemical reactions

Chemical reactions, as macroscopic unit operations, consist of simply a very large number of elementary reactions, where a single molecule reacts with another molecule.

Chemical thermodynamics studies the role of entropy in chemical reactions.

Chemical reactions cause nitrogen and oxygen to be removed from the bubble after about one hundred expansion-collapse cycles.

* Chemical Equation Balancer-An open source chemical equation balancer that handles redox reactions.

Category: Chemical reactions

Chemical weathering changes the composition of rocks, often transforming them when water interacts with minerals to create various chemical reactions.

Chemical bonds between atoms were now explained, by Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916, as the interactions between their constituent electrons.

Among major industrial centers closed to curtail pollution were the Nairit Chemical Plant, the Alaverdy Metallurgical Plant, and the Vanadzor Chemical Combine.

The late author Sheldon H. Harris in his book " Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover up " wrote that, The test program, could be part of Project AGILE or Project OCONUS which began in fall 1962 and which was funded at least through fiscal year 1963, was considered by the Chemical Corps to be “ an ambitious one .” The tests were designed to cover “ not only trials at sea, but Arctic and tropical environmental tests as well .” The tests, presumably, were conducted at what research officers designated, but did not name, “ satellite sites .” These sites were located both in the continental United States and in foreign countries.

The money was devoted largely to developing “ technical advice on the conduct of defoliation and anti-crop activities in Southeast Asia .” By the end of fiscal year 1962, the Chemical Corps had let or were negotiating contracts for over one thousand chemical defoliants.

Of particular note, programs that were placed within the top 10 % of all size programs in that field based on an average of the R95 and S95 rank order include Aeronautics, Astrophysics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Bioengineering, Biology, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Science and Engineering, Geology, Geophysics, Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Planetary Science, and Social Science ( Economics ).

From 1950 – 1965, the State Chemical Laboratories in Agra, India investigated 2, 778 deaths that were caused by ingesting Datura.

Reinitzer perceived that color changes in a derivative cholesteryl benzoate were not the most peculiar feature. Chemical structure of Cholesteryl benzoate molecule He found that cholesteryl benzoate does not melt in the same manner as other compounds, but has two melting points.

After news reports of napalm B's deadly and disfiguring effects were published, Dow Chemical experienced some boycotts of all its products, and its recruiters for new chemists, chemical engineers, etc., graduating from college were subject to campus boycotts.

The results were published in Soviet science journals, and short summaries were published in Chemical Abstracts in English, but Western scientists took no notice of the work.

Chemical analysis found that samples of polywater were contaminated with other substances ( explaining the changes in melting and boiling points ), and examination of polywater via electron microscopy showed that it also contained small particles of various solids from silicon to phospholipids, explaining its greater viscosity.

He debated Drexler in an exchange of letters which were published in Chemical & Engineering News as a point-counterpoint feature.

The next day, the names of the eight tracks not composed by Clint Mansell – Black Swans main composer – were released, listing The Chemical Brothers as contributing three new songs for the movie.

As befits its roots in the early chemical industry of the region the Tech had pioneered Chemical Engineering as an academic subject in Britain, indeed the lectures by George E. Davis in 1888 were highly influential in defining the discipline.

The first half of the 20th century saw the publication of two influential textbooks that soon came to be regarded as founding documents of chemical thermodynamics, both of which used and extended Gibbs's work in that field: these were Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes ( 1923 ), by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ), by Edward A. Guggenheim.

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ), approximately 99 percent of the PCBs used by U. S. industry were produced by the Monsanto Chemical Company.

In Japan, PCBs were first produced by Kanegafuchi Chemical Co. Ltd. ( Kaneka ) in 1954 and production continued until 1972 when the Japanese government banned the production, use, and import of PCBs.

He was founder of the Chemical Society of London in 1841, being its first Treasurer and second President.

In 1993 Bakelite was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in recognition of its significance as the world's first synthetic plastic.

The first was the 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall.

The term " covalence " in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled " The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules ".

In 1921 the Institute became the first in India to introduce Chemical Engineering as a discipline.

It is sometimes called Dalton's Law after its discoverer, the English chemist John Dalton, who published it in the first part of the first volume of his " New System of Chemical Philosophy " ( 1808 ).

* 1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.

Lindsay Chemical Division was the first to commercialize large-scale ion-exchange purification of neodymium.

Chemical form of the nerve agent tabun, the first ever synthesized

The management of the Dow Chemical Company decided that " its first obligation was the government.

Many of the first compounds listed in the New System of Chemical Philosophy correspond to modern views, although many others do not.

Dalton communicated his atomic theory to Thomson who, by consent, included an outline of it in the third edition of his System of Chemistry ( 1807 ), and Dalton gave a further account of it in the first part of the first volume of his New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ).

Dopamine's function as a neurotransmitter was first recognized in 1958 by Arvid Carlsson and Nils-Åke Hillarp at the Laboratory for Chemical Pharmacology of the National Heart Institute of Sweden.

However, his first publication, A Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire, was not released until 1777, at which time both Joseph Priestley and Lavoisier had already published their experimental data and conclusions concerning oxygen and the phlogiston theory.

Soon, construction began of the first academic building on the new site, known as the Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Building, later renamed Engineering 1 and now named after Douglas Wright, UW's first Dean of Engineering.

His first paper was presented at the Royal Society on July 7, 1791, " An Account of Some Chemical Experiments on Tabasheer.

Swan first publicly demonstrated his incandescent carbon lamp at a lecture for the Newcastle upon Tyne Chemical Society on 18 December 1878.