The similarity of the Roman abacus to the Chinese one suggests that one could have inspired the other, as there is some evidence of a trade relationship between the Roman Empire and China.

Instead of running on wires as in the Chinese and Japanese models, the beads of Roman model run in grooves, presumably making arithmetic calculations much slower.

The first of several Roman embassies to China is recorded in Chinese sources, coming from the sea route in AD 166, and a second one in AD 284.

Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ; however, it can also be used more generally to refer to non-positional systems such as Roman or Chinese numerals which are also based on powers of ten.

Examples are Roman numerals, Brahmi numerals, and Chinese numerals, as well as the Hindu-Arabic numerals used by speakers of many European languages.

The name Hun was used to refer to groups over wide and often discontiguous geographic regions, referred to by disparate sources ( including Indic, Persian, Chinese, Byzantine, Roman ).

Imperialism has been found in the histories of Japan, the Assyrian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Roman Empire, Greece, the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, ancient Egypt, and India.

Various types of necked chordophones were in use in ancient Greek, Egyptian ( in the Middle Kingdom ), Hittite, Roman, Bulgar, Turkic, Indian, Chinese, Armenian / Cilician cultures.

Early records on medicine have been discovered from ancient Egyptian medicine, Babylonian medicine, Ayurvedic medicine ( in the Indian subcontinent ), classical Chinese medicine ( predecessor to the modern traditional Chinese Medicine ), and ancient Greek medicine and Roman medicine.

Mica was known to ancient Indian, Egyptian, Greek and Roman and Chinese civilizations, as well as the Aztec civilization of the New World.

Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production, but at that time the pollution was comparatively less and could be handled by nature.

AD 1, map of Eurasia with the Roman Empire ( red ), Parthian Empire ( brown ), Chinese Han dynasty ( yellow ) and other states / areas with smaller states ( light yellow ).

* Rome decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin ( not in Chinese ) is to be the law for Chinese missions.

* Rome decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin ( not in Chinese ) is to be the law for Chinese missions.

* March 22 – The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration recognizing all the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people.

Juggling has been recorded in many early cultures including Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Greek, Roman, Norse, Aztec ( Mexico ) and Polynesian civilizations.

Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese cities as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and drainage of wastes, for larger numbers of people.

During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, North African, Greek and Byzantine civilizations.

Ancient examples of carefully planned and designed cities exist in Asia, India, Africa, Europe and the Americas, and are particularly well-known within Classical Chinese, Roman and Greek cultures ( see Hippodamus of Miletus ).

The Roman Empire knew of and traded in silk, and Chinese silk was the most highly priced luxury good imported by them.

* A merchant from the Roman Empire called " Qin Lun " by the Chinese, arrives in Jiaozhi ( modern Hanoi ) and is taken to see Sun Quan, king of Eastern Wu, who requests him to make a report on his native country and people.

In contrast, the Holy See has not questioned the validity of the consecrations that the late Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre performed in 1988 for the service of the relatively numerous followers of the Traditionalist Catholic Society of St. Pius X that he had founded, and of the bishops who, under pressure from the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, " have been ordained without the Pontifical mandate and who have not asked for, or have not yet obtained, the necessary legitimation ", and who consequently, Pope Benedict XVI has declared, " are to be considered illegitimate, but validly ordained ".

Among the most important are a controversial treatise on the Catholic Faith, in which are refuted what he saw as the principal errors of the Chinese ; The True Origin of All Things ; and The Life of God, the Saviour, from the Four Gospels.

Father Gosset, the chaplain to the Chinese students at the Catholic University of Leuven, wrote to Hergé urging him to be sensitive about what he wrote about China.

Some schools, mostly mission schools originally set up by missionaries and Chinese independent high schools, have the term " High School " in their English names, such as the Catholic High School PJ and Foon Yew High School.

The 1961 elections were a bitter contest between the PPP, the PNC, and the United Force ( UF ), a conservative party representing big business, the Roman Catholic Church, and Amerindian, Chinese, and Portuguese voters.

To another friend, a Chinese diplomat, who became a Catholic monk, Albert wrote: " Consecrating oneself wholly to the service of Our Lord gives, to those touched by grace, the peace of soul which is the supreme happiness here below ".

A major cause of Chinese discontent was the Christian missionaries, both Protestant and Catholic, who came to China in ever increasing numbers.

The Beitang was defended by 43 French and Italian soldiers, 33 Catholic foreign priests and nuns, and about 3, 200 Chinese Catholics.

Protestant and Catholic missionaries and their Chinese converts were massacred throughout northern China, some by Boxers and others by government troops and authorities.

Chinese Camp is the location and subject of California Historical Landmark 423-The Saint Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church, established in 1849, making it the oldest church in the county.

* 1591-First Catholic church built in Trinidad ; First Chinese admitted as members of the Jesuit order

* 1616-Nanjing Missionary Case in which the clash between Chinese practice of ancestor worship and Catholic doctrine ends in the deportation of foreign missionaries.

* 1685-Consecration of first Catholic bishop of Chinese origin

* 1717-Chen Mao writes to the Chinese Emperor about his concerns over Catholic missionaries and Western traders.

* 1748-Roman Catholic Pedro Sanz and four other missionaries are executed, together with 14 Chinese Christians.

The Chinese Rites controversy was a dispute within the Catholic Church from the 1630s to the early 18th century about whether Chinese folk religion rites and offerings to the emperor constituted idolatry.

Pope Clement XI decided in favor of the Dominicans ( who argued that Chinese folk religion and offerings to the emperor were incompatible with Catholicism ), which greatly reduced Catholic missionary activity in China.

In a decree signed on 23 March 1656, Pope Alexander VII accepted practices " favorable to Chinese customs ", reinforcing 1615 decrees which accepted the usage of the Chinese language in liturgy, a notable exception to the contemporary Latin Catholic discipline which had generally forbidden the use of local languages.

This meant that Chinese customs were no longer considered superstitious, but were an honourable way of esteeming one's relatives and therefore permitted by Catholic Christians.

* Holy See-Archive-Catechism of the Catholic Church ; in Traditional Chinese, English, French, Italian, Latin, Latvian, Malagasy, Portuguese, and Spanish ( as of 17 July 2011 )

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