administrative organization and delicate diplomatic relations with Top Brass -- British, American and Chinese ; ;

Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease ; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace, causing many to disappear from the census altogether ; other historians like William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the Bubonic Plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period.

Hong Kong and Macau, both Chinese special administrative regions, have their own immigration control systems different from each other and mainland China.

Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the Tian Shan mountains, also known today as Dzungaria and Tarim Basin respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions.

:... the American Government deems it to be its duty to notify both the Imperial Japanese Government and the Government of the Chinese Republic that it cannot admit the legality of any situation de facto nor does it intend to recognize any treaty or agreement entered into between those Governments, or agents thereof, which may impair the treaty rights of the United States or its citizens in China, including those that relate to the sovereignty, the independence, or the territorial and administrative integrity of the Republic of China, or to the international policy relative to China, commonly known as the open door policy ...

This set up a society in which " many of the colonists were Han Chinese but the military and the administrative structures were Dutch ".

PCART was reorganized as the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, thus making Tibet an administrative division on the same legal footing as a Chinese province.

There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history.

It governed fifteen administrative entities, which included thirteen provinces ( Chinese: 布政使司 ; Pinyin: Bùzhèngshǐ Sī ) and two " directly-governed " areas.

The Kuomintang did little to promote a unique Taiwanese identity ; often newly-immigrated Chinese or " mainlanders " as they were called, working in administrative positions lived in neighborhoods where they were segregated from the Taiwanese.

Chinese Heritage Centre, formerly the administrative building of Nanyang Technological University

Not only did Southeast Asian polities not conform to Chinese and European views of a territorially defined state with fixed borders and a bureaucratic apparatus, but they diverged considerably in the opposite direction: the polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.

Here he expanded the European-American constitutional theory of a three-branch government and a system of checks and balances by incorporating traditional Chinese administrative tradition to create a government of five branches ( each of which is called a Yuan ( 院, yuàn, literally " court ").

In the context of pre-modern China, the English translation " district " is typically associated with xian, another Chinese administrative division.

* Do ( province ) or circuit (), the Korean and Japanese administrative division equivalent to the ancient Chinese dao

During the period of Mongol Yuan Dynasty's administrative rule of Tibet, majority of Qinghai belonged to one of the three commandaries of the Tibetan region divided at that time, namely Amdo ( Tibetan: ཨ ༌ མད ོ; Chinese: 安多 ; pinyin: Ānduō ).

The Khitans used the Chinese calendar, maintained Chinese imperial and administrative titles, gave its emperors reign names, used Chinese-styled coins, and sent imperial seals to its vassals.

Although most of its administrative titles were derived from Chinese, the empire also adopted local administrative titles, such as tayangyu ( Turkic ) and vizier.

The Eight Banners ( In Manchu: 20px jakūn gūsa, Chinese: 八旗 bāqí ) were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed.

" Well-known " trademarks are also now recognised under Chinese law ( the courts and administrative bodies will take into account the level of knowledge of the trademark by relevant consumers, the length of use of the trademark, the amount of publicity given to the mark in China, and the history of the mark ).

The General Staff Department is the nerve center of the entire Chinese military command and control system, responsible for daily administrative duties of the CMC.

* Chinese geography

The first mentions of names that historians link with the " Alani " appear at almost the same time in Greco-Roman geography and in the Chinese dynastic chronicles.

But heavy Chinese resistance and the geography of the area halted the Jin advance, and they were forced retreat and withdraw, and they had not been able to escape the Song navy when trying to return until they were directed by a Chinese defector who helped them escape in Chenkiang.

Li relates that he opposed the defense of Nanking because of the strategically disadvantageous geography and the low morale of the Chinese troops, especially after the heavy losses that they had sustained in the Battle of Shanghai.

Street names in Taipei were changed from their original names to Chinese names that reflected the geography of China and Kuomintang ideals.

* Weng Wenhao ( 1889 – 1971 ), founder of modern Chinese geography.

Economic geography in Chinese history:

Subjects covered included German, history, geography, mathematics, natural history, zoology, botany, health, physics, chemistry, drawing, music, sports, as well as Chinese language and sciences.

The narrative is important for its observations of Mongol, Buddhist, and Chinese culture, geography, and wildlife.

Lanzhou University maintains one of China's top ten Ph. D. programs in physics, chemistry, and geography and highly-ranked programs in information science, biology, botany, mathematics, history, media, ecology and Chinese literature.

* Qin Dahe-Chairman of China Meteorology Administration, Academian of Chinese Academy of Science, Graduated from LZU geography

Because the cultures associated with Chinese society spanned a wide geography and time range, the techniques and equipment associated with Chinese archery are diverse.

He specialises in Chinese history, geography and literature in the Han Dynasty period and has been acknowledged internationally as a pioneer in the translation and historiography of historical material concerning the Three Kingdoms period.

The Ministry of Education granted the University permission to establish studies in philosophy, Chinese, Eastern languages, English, French, German, history, geography, news, art, music, drama, physical education, domestic science, and architecture.

In succeeding decades he published many volumes on Chinese and Mongolian history, geography, religion, statistics, and agriculture.

Names based on Chinese geography were placed to the north and east of Besh Baliq even if they are actually located to the west.

But contrary to Song period maps which reflected limited Chinese knowledge on geography, it incorporated information on Mongolia and Southeast Asia.

Shan Hai Jing () is a Chinese classic text, and a compilation of early geography and myth.

Yu the Great | Yu Gong is in reference to the Chinese deity described in the History of geography # China | geographical chapter of the Classic of History, dated 5th century BC.

Although the Chinese geographical writing in the time of Herodotus and Strabo were of lesser quality and contained less systematic approach, this would change from the 3rd century onwards, as Chinese methods of documenting geography became more complex than found in Europe ( until the 13th century ).

The polymath Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) devoted a significant amount of his written work to geography, as well as a hypothesis of land formation ( geomorphology ) due to the evidence of marine fossils found far inland, along with bamboo fossils found underground in a region far from where bamboo was suitable to grow.