In the realm of linguistics, Noam Chomsky and George Lakoff have been influential ( both have also become notable as political commentators ).

The formalism of context-free grammars was developed in the mid-1950s by Noam Chomsky, and also their classification as a special type of formal grammar ( which he called phrase-structure grammars ).

What Chomsky called a phrase structure grammar is also known now as a constituency grammar, whereby constituency grammars stand in contrast to dependency grammars.

Noam Chomsky also refers to himself as a left libertarian.

For example, Peter Hain interprets libertarian socialism as minarchist rather than anarchist, favoring radical decentralization of power without going as far as the complete abolition of the state and libertarian socialist Noam Chomsky supports dismantling all forms of unjustified social or economic power, while also emphasizing that state intervention should be supported as a temporary protection while oppressive structures remain in existence.

On Chomsky specifically, he writes that " imaginary problems were created by the whole series of dichotomies that Chomsky introduced, or took over unproblematized: not only syntax / semantics but also grammar / lexis, language / thought, competence / performance ... Once these dichotomies had been set up, the problem arose of locating and maintaining the boundaries between them linguistics "

Later, it was also used in generative linguistics, most famously by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle, and remains central to many accounts of the development of modern phonology.

While Foucault himself was deeply involved in a number of progressive political causes and maintained close personal ties with members of the far-Left, he was also controversial with Leftist thinkers of his day, including those associated with various strains of Marxism, proponents of Left libertarianism ( e. g. Noam Chomsky ) and Humanism ( e. g. Jürgen Habermas ), for his rejection of what he deemed to be Enlightenment-derived concepts of freedom, liberation, self-determination and human nature.

Lenneberg was also one of the first cognitive scientists to begin development of the Universalist theory of language which was finally formulated by Noam Chomsky in the form of Universal Grammar, effectively arguing that all languages share the same underlying structure.

Merge is part of Universal Grammar whether it is specific to language or whether, as Chomsky suggests, it is also used for example in mathematical thinking.

After outlining the various aspects of the contact, Staal posits the theory that the idea of formal rules in language, first proposed by de Saussure in 1894, and finally developed by Chomsky in 1957, based on which formal rules were also introduced in computational languages, may indeed lie in the European exposure to the formal rules of Paninian grammar.

Noam Chomsky, teaching linguistics to students of information theory at MIT, combined linguistics and mathematics, by taking what is essentially Thue's formalism as the basis for the description of the syntax of natural language ; he also introduced a clear distinction between generative rules ( those of context-free grammars ) and transformation rules ( 1956 ).

Chomsky also argues that the group had an undue influence in the administration of Jimmy Carter.

Some people, such as the following authors, have inferred, insinuated, or suggested that entering a state of perpetual war becomes progressively easier in a modern democratic republic, such as the United States, due to the development of a relationship network between people who wield political and economic power also owning capital in companies that financially profit from war, lobby for war, and influence public opinion of war through influence of Mass media outlets that control the presentation for the causes of war, the effects of war, and the Censorship of war: ( 1 ) " The Iron Triangle: Inside the Secret World of the Carlyle Group " ( 2004 )" by Dan Briody ; ( 2 ) " The Pentagon Labyrinth: 10 Short Essays to Help You Through It " ( 2011 ) an anthology by nine authors who are Pierre M. Sprey, George Wilson, Franklin C. Spinney, Bruce I. Gudmundsson, Col. G. I. Wilson, Col. Chet Richards, Andrew Cockburn, Thomas Christie, and Winslow T. Wheeler ; ( 3 ) " Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex " ( 2010 ), by William D. Hartung ; ( 4 ) " Media Control, Second Edition: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda ( 2002 ), by Noam Chomsky ; and ( 5 ) " Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media " ( 2002 ), by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky.

Critics, such as Noam Chomsky, have argued that the Roosevelt Corollary was merely a more explicit imperialist threat, building on the Monroe Doctrine, and indicating that the U. S. would intervene not only in defense of South American states in the face of European imperialism, but would also use its muscle to obtain concessions and privileges for American corporations.

" As an " unstoppable Usenet poster who could carry on simultaneous debates about Ibsen, Chomsky, artificial intelligence, and Kate Bush ," he became an " online legend " who would also get cited in the national press as an expert on usenet.

Chomsky also asserts that the media accurately covered events such as the Battle of Fallujah but because of an ideological bias, it acted as pro-government propaganda.

Hoare, Cohen and Kamm also rejected Noam Chomsky defence of Living Marxism and its coverage of the Bosnian war.

The term generative grammar is also used to label the approach to linguistics taken by Chomsky and his followers.

The CPC also made a splash and stretched public debate in its early development by hosting a day-long Capitol Hill Forum on Globalization, Economic Justice, and Human Rights, during which Noam Chomsky, distinguished linguist and social commentator, was the keynote speaker -- his only public testimony ever presented before Congress.

Chomsky argues that the targets of U. S. preventative war must be " virtually defenseless ", " important enough to be worth the trouble " and also there must be " a way to portray it as the ultimate evil and an imminent threat to survival.

Jean Bricmont also collaborates with activist Noam Chomsky and campaigns on a variety of progressive causes.

Both the concepts of rogue states and the " Axis of Evil " have been criticized by certain scholars, including philosopher Jacques Derrida and linguist Noam Chomsky, who considered it more or less a justification of imperialism and a useful word for propaganda.

Noam Chomsky defines state terrorism as " terrorism practised by states ( or governments ) and their agents and allies ".

Focusing largely on US support for the Latin American " National Security States ," Chomsky and Edward S. Herman argue that U. S. corporations support ( and in many instances create ) fascist ( or " sub " and " neo "- fascist ) terror states in order to create a favorable investment climate.

Linguist and political theorist Noam Chomsky states that

American academic Noam Chomsky, a prolific critic of U. S. policy, asserts that the use of the term within the U. S. has parallels with methods employed by totalitarian states or military dictatorships ; he compares the term to " anti-Sovietism ", a label used by the Kremlin to suppress dissident or critical thought, for instance .< ref >

The propaganda model is a conceptual model in political economy advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky that states how propaganda, including systemic biases, function in mass media.

" Using the 2003 invasion of Iraq as an example, he discusses the manner in which the U. S. government and media portrayed the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein as a threat to both the U. S. and other Middle Eastern states, something which Chomsky argues it was not.

Others such as Michael Johnston and Noam Chomsky assert that classical liberalism as such can no longer exist in a modern day context as its principles were only relevant at the time its founding thinkers conceptualised them ; and that classical liberalism has grown into two divergent philosophies since the beginning of the twentieth century: social liberalism and market liberalism.

Pike's approach to the study of language put him outside the circle of the " generative " movement begun by Noam Chomsky, a dominant linguist, since Pike believed that the structure of language should be studied in context, not just single sentences, as seen in the title of his magnum opus " Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior " ( 1967 ).

# Anti-Communism: This was included as a filter in the original 1988 edition of the book, but Chomsky argues that since the end of the Cold War ( 1945 – 91 ), anticommunism was replaced by the " War on Terror ", as the major social control mechanism.

According to Noam Chomsky, USAN represents that " for the first time since the European conquest, Latin America began to move towards integration ".

* Looking Ahead: Tenth Anniversary Interview ( an interview conducted ten years since Barsamian first interviewed Chomsky )

The field of linguistics and psycholinguistics since then has been defined by reactions to Chomsky, pro and con.

Noam Chomsky has referred to the 1975 Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor as the worst instance of genocide relative to population since the Holocaust.

The role and significance of deep structure changed a great deal as Chomsky developed his theories, and since the mid 1990s deep structure no longer features at all ( see Transformational grammar ).

This was part of the argument from the poverty of stimulus, presented in 1980 and implicit since the early works by Chomsky of the 1950s.

Herman and Chomsky argue that since mainstream media outlets are currently either large corporations or part of conglomerates ( e. g. Westinghouse or General Electric ), the information presented to the public will be biased with respect to these interests.

Chomsky argues that since the end of the Cold War ( 1945 – 91 ), anticommunism was replaced by the " War on Terror ", as the major social control mechanism.

Chomsky's approach is characterised by the use of transformational grammar – a theory that has changed greatly since it was first promulgated by Chomsky in his 1957 book Syntactic Structures – and by the assertion of a strong linguistic nativism ( and therefore an assertion that some set of fundamental characteristics of all human languages must be the same ).

Later Chomsky requested that the essay not be used in this manner, since he believed the French intellectual community was so incapable of understanding freedom of speech that it would only confuse them further, but his request came too late for the book to be changed.

Politically, Chomsky had held radical leftist views since childhood, identifying himself with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism.

In the sixth chapter, " Dilemmas of Dominance ", Chomsky explores the relationship that the U. S. has had with Eastern Europe since the collapse of the Soviet Union and with East Asia since the Second World War.

In the summer of 2011, Chomsky did however express criticism of Chávez's government over the controversial imprisonment of judge María Lourdes Afiuni, who had been detained since December 2009.

In linguistics, the Minimalist Program ( MP ) is a major line of inquiry that has been developing inside generative grammar since the early 1990s, starting with a 1993 paper by Noam Chomsky.

The concept was first introduced by Noam Chomsky as part of the foundations for his Generative grammar, but it has since been adopted and developed by other linguists, particularly those working in the generativist tradition.

However, since he developed the Minimalist Program, his latest version of theory of syntactic structure, Chomsky has reduced the elements of universal grammar which are in his opinion to be prewired in humans to just the principle of recursion, thus voiding most of the nativist endeavor.

He has since become a trenchant critic of Chomsky.

Chomsky and his supporters have long argued that such cases are best explained by restrictions on working memory, since this provides a principled explanation for limited recursion in language use.