The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia ( where they were victorious in taking Aksehir and defeating the Turks in the Battle of Iconium ), and entered Cilician Armenia.

The translation was sometimes called the Livre dou conqueste ; it was known by this name throughout Europe as well as in the crusader Kingdom of Cyprus and in Cilician Armenia, and 14th-century Venetian geographer Marino Sanuto the Elder had a copy of it.

The plan was to coordinate actions between the Christian military orders, the King of Cyprus, the aristocracy of Cyprus, the forces of Cilician Armenia, and a new potential ally, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate ( Persia ), to oppose the Egyptian Mamluks and retake the coastal city of Tortosa in Syria.

In the mid-13th century, its leader Bohemond VI, under the influence of his father-in-law Hetoum I of Cilician Armenia, swore vassalage to the Mongol Empire, and contributed troops to the Mongol conquests in the region.

* Medieval Armenia, called Greater Armenia to distinguish it from the " Little Armenia " of the Kingdom of Cilician Armenia

In 1260 Mongol forces combined with those of their Christian vassals in the region, including the army of Cilician Armenia under Hetoum I and the Franks of Bohemond VI of Antioch.

Upon his death he was succeeded by his distant cousin Leo V, who would become the last king of Cilician Armenia.

There, Sempad met Great khan Güyük, and made a formal agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be considered a vassal state of the Mongol Empire.

At the time, Cilician Armenia was in a precarious position between major powers, balancing between friendly relations with the Christian Europeans and Byzantine Empire, aggression from the Turkish Sultanate of Rum to the west, a vassal relationship with the aggressive Mongol Empire in the East, and defending itself from attacks from the South, from the Muslim Mamluks out of Egypt.

Since 1247, Cilician Armenia itself had been a vassal state of the Mongol Empire, from an agreement made by Hethum II's grandfather, Hethum I.

As part of this relationship, Cilician Armenia routinely supplied troops to the Mongols, cooperating in battles against the Mamluks and other elements of the Islamic empire.

In 1292, Cilician Armenia was invaded by Khalil, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt.

In 1304, the Mamluks continued their assault on Cilician Armenia, and succeeded in taking back all the lands which the Armenians had acquired during the Mongol invasion.

Cilician Armenia at the time was in a volatile situation, maintaining a fragile relationship as a vassal state of the Mongol Empire, while defending from attacks by the Muslim Mamluks from the south.

* The Barony of Cilician Armenia ( Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch.

* The Barony of Cilician Armenia ( Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch.

* The Barony of Cilician Armenia ( Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch.

Mleh finally succeeded in 1173 in securing Manuel I ’ s recognition of him as “ Baron of Cilician Armenia ” with whom now all Byzantine affairs in Cilicia were to be conducted.

* The Barony of Cilician Armenia ( Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch.

This initially unexpected and humiliating defeat for Rome was followed by numerous campaigns over the next two centuries entailing many notable engagements such as: the Battle of Cilician Gates, Mount Gindarus, Mark Antony's Parthian Campaign and finally culminating in the bloody Battle of Nisibis in 217 AD, which resulted in a slight Parthian victory and Emperor Macrinus being forced to concede peace with Parthia.

Anavarza ) was an ancient Cilician city, situated in Anatolia in modern Turkey, in the present Çukurova ( or classical Aleian plain ) about 15 km west of the main stream of the present Ceyhan River ( or classical Pyramus river ) and near its tributary the Sempas Su.

It began in the west in Sardis ( on the Aegean coast of Lydia, about 60 miles east of İzmir in present-day Turkey ), traveled east through what is now the middle northern section of Turkey, ( crossing the Halys according to Herodotus ) and passed through the Cilician Gates to the old Assyrian capital Nineveh ( present-day Mosul, Iraq ), then turned south to Babylon ( near present-day Baghdad, Iraq ).

The dynastic emblem of the Cilician Armenian royal house of Lusignan ( Lusinian ) reflected west European heraldic influence and consisted of red lions and crosses on the yellow and blue background of the shield.

It is described by Strabo, who had visited it, as a level plain surrounded by mountains: on the south by the Amanus, and on the west by the Antitaurus, which branches off from the Cilician Taurus and contains deep narrow valleys ( in one of which was situated Comana, a considerable city on the river Sarus, which flows through the gaps of the Taurus into Cilicia and the Mediterranean ).

In Lebanon and Turkey it occurs most abundantly at altitudes of 1, 000-2, 000 m ( 3, 300 – 6, 500 ft ), where it forms pure forests or mixed forests with Cilician Fir ( Abies cilicica ), European Black Pine ( Pinus nigra ), and several juniper ( Juniperus ) species.

The Taurus Mountains are more rugged and less dissected by rivers than the Pontus Mountains and historically have served as a barrier to human movement inland from the Mediterranean coast except where there are mountain passes such as the historic Cilician Gates ( Gülek Pass ), northwest of Adana.

The Taurus Mountains are more rugged and less dissected by rivers than the Pontus Mountains and historically have served as a barrier to human movement inland from the Mediterranean coast except where there are mountain passes such as the historic Cilician Gates ( Gülek Pass ), northwest of Adana.

Many male children of the Doria family were named after foreign rulers, such as Abaga ( Abaqa Khan ), Casano ( Ghazan Khan ), and Aitone, named after Hayton, or Hethum I, king of Cilician Armenia.

He already had the use of forces from Christian vassal countries such as Cilician Armenia and Georgia.

For example, whereas the salutation for the noblemen in Great Armenia was tiar or ter, in Cilician Armenia a new form of salutation was added to these, namely paron.

Its great natural strength and situation, not far from the mouth of the Sis pass, and near the great road which debouched from the Cilician Gates, made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the Byzantine Empire and the early Muslim invaders.

* Roman-Persian Wars: Balista, Roman usurper, collects ships from Cilician ports and defeats the Persian fleet near Pompeiopolis, capturing the harem of king Shapur I.

North and east of Cilicia lie the rugged Taurus Mountains that separate it from the high central plateau of Anatolia, which are pierced by a narrow gorge, called in Antiquity the Cilician Gates.

Mopsus was venerated as founder in several cities of Pamphylia and the Cilician plain, among them Mopsuestia, " the house ( hestia ) of Mopsus " in Cilicia, and Mallos, where he quarreled with his co-founder Amphilochus and both were buried in tumuli, from which neither could see that of the other.

When, however Raymond demanded from Manuel, who had succeeded John in 1143, the cession of some of the Cilician towns, he found that he had met his match.

By the time that the Mongols reached Baghdad, their army included Cilician Armenians, and even some Frankish forces from the submitted Principality of Antioch.

It was located in or near the Troad, in a region termed Cilicia and received the epithet Cilician to distinguish it from the Boeotian city of Thebes and the Egyptian Thebes.

However, conflict continued for generations, and involved nobles from Antioch, Tripoli, and Cilician Armenia.

The Mongol army had been approaching steadily from central Asia, with Cilician Armenia and Antioch directly in its path.

Hulagu conquered Muslim Syria, in collaboration with Christian forces from Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia | Cilician Armenia, Georgia ( country ) | Georgia, and Antioch.

He also subjugated Cilician Armenia but in 1218 was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo acquired from al-Kamil.

The distance from the Anatolian plateau to the Cilician plain is about.

In 1266 he devastated Cilician Armenia and in 1268 he recaptured Antioch from the Crusaders.