Iraq, known in Classical Antiquity as Mesopotamia, was home to the oldest civilizations in the world, with a cultural history of over 10, 000 years, hence its common epithet, the Cradle of Civilization.

Classical civilizations built complex global markets trading gold or silver for spices, cloth, wood and weapons, most of which had standards of quality and timeliness.

Eventually, literary Attic ( and the classic texts written in it ) came to be widely studied far beyond its original homeland, first in the Classical civilizations of the Mediterranean ( Ancient Rome and the Hellenistic world ), and later in the Muslim world, Europe, and wherever European civilization spread to other parts of the world.

Since the legendary " deluge " ( Younger Dryas ) 10. 000 years ago the connections rapidly established and similar cultures started on all the different continents, leading to parallel cultures on the respective continents, leading to the ethnicities, constitutions and civilizations we know as Stone Age and Classical Antiquity.

The Oxford Classical Dictionary ( OCD ) is considered to be the standard one-volume encyclopaedia in English of topics relating to the Ancient World and its civilizations.

Classical antiquity ( also the classical era, classical period or classical age ) is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centred on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.

The term is most often used of Classical antiquity, the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

Classical antiquity is a long period of history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

For example, Spengler classifies Classical and Indian civilizations as ahistorical, whereas the Egyptian and Western civilizations developed conceptions of historical time.

Classical civilizations from Rome to China tended to invest the most importance in familial or tribal affiliation than an individual's physical appearance ( Dikötter 1992 ; Goldenberg 2003 ).

Classical archaeology is the archaeological investigation of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

Antiquities, nearly always used in the plural in this sense, is a term for objects from Antiquity, especially the civilizations of the Mediterranean: the Classical antiquity of Greece and Rome, Ancient Egypt and the other Ancient Near Eastern cultures.

The name comes from the Classical Nahuatl language of the Aztecs, however it is also commonly applied to similar structures depicted in other civilizations.

" Despite this, as Highet showed above all in his masterpiece The Classical Tradition, it was possible to discover in the past a great humanizing river of learning which connected the present to the Biblical and especially the Greek and Roman civilizations, and through his marvelously evocative, graceful prose to make one feel at home in that flow of past lives, and to long for it.

Classical music was even adapted for disco, notably Walter Murphy's " A Fifth of Beethoven " ( 1976, based on the first movement of Beethoven's 5th Symphony ) and " Flight 76 " ( 1976, based on Rimsky-Korsakov's " Flight of the Bumblebee "), and Louis Clark's Hooked On Classics series of albums and singles.

Works written in Latin during classical times used Classical Latin rather than Vulgar Latin ( originally called sermo vulgaris ), with very few exceptions ( most notably sections of Gaius Petronius ' Satyricon ).

Classical authors also recorded the story, notably Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride.

The piano trios of the Classical era, notably those of Haydn, are dominated by the piano part.

The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.

In the beginning the revivalists preferred the style used in Early Modern ( Classical ) Irish, notably by Geoffrey Keating ( Seathrún Céitinn ) in Foras Feasa ar Éirinn ( History of Ireland ), a much-read 17th century work.

Classical Hindu astrology is based on early medieval compilations, notably the

Classical revivals also proved popular with Broadway theatre-goers, notably John Barrymore in Hamlet and Richard III, John Gielgud in Hamlet, The Importance of Being Earnest and Much Ado About Nothing, Walter Hampden and Jose Ferrer in Cyrano de Bergerac, Paul Robeson and Ferrer in Othello, Maurice Evans in Richard II and the plays of George Bernard Shaw, and Katharine Cornell in such plays as Romeo and Juliet, Antony and Cleopatra, and Candida

Although Parducci worked in a variety of styles, notably Romanesque, Classical, Renaissance and even Aztec / Mayan / Pueblo Deco, it was his pioneering of the Greco Deco style for which he is best remembered.

At its first meeting on February 19, 1819, Bolivar gave his famous Address at Angostura, but not all of the proposals contained in it were accepted ( most notably the suggestions of a powerful, centralized presidency and a hereditary senate, both modeled on the British example, and a " fourth " branch of government, the " moral " one, loosely modeled on the Classical Areopagus ).

The last great exponent of late Victorian free Renaissance eclecticism was Edwin Lutyens, and his shift into the Classical mode after 1900 symbolised a wider retreat from the stylistic ferment of the 19th century to a plain and homogenous Classicism based on Georgian exemplars, an approach followed by many architects of the early 20th century, notably Herbert Baker and Reginald Blomfield.

Krasenkow has made major contributions to several areas of opening theory, most notably in the Classical King's Indian Defense.

The titles reflect Godward's source of inspiration: Classical civilisation, most notably that of Ancient Rome ( again a subject binding Godward closely to Alma-Tadema artistically ), though Ancient Greece sometimes features, thus providing artistic ties, albeit of a more limited extent, with Leighton.

The extent of the early Iranian peoples | Iranian Scythians and Parthian Empire | Parthians at approximately 100 BC, to whom the first recorded use of true, cataphract-like cavalry can be attributed to in Classical Antiquity

Koreans had to learn Classical Chinese to be properly literate for the most part, but there were some systems developed to use simplified forms of Chinese characters that phonetically transcribe Korean, namely, hyangchal ( 향찰 ; 鄕札 ), gugyeol ( 구결 ; 口訣 ), and idu ( 이두 ; 吏讀 ).

The text was written in Classical Chinese, which was used by literate Koreans at that time.

Thus, while it remains possible that the Babylonians and/or the Pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the Chinese did, more definite evidence will have to turn up from the Middle East or the Classical World before China can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years.

The language style of " Black-Cover Book of Common Prayer " is closer to Classical Chinese than contemporary Chinese.

Classical Chinese astronomy is recorded in the Han period and appears in the form of three schools, which are attributed to astronomers of the Zhanguo period.

This is the case for Classical Chinese and Guarani, for instance.

* Classical Chinese grammar

* Classical Chinese texts – Chinese Text Project

Van Norden, Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy.

* Relevant Electronic Resources for Chinese Classical Studies

The Tao Te Ching is written in Classical Chinese, which can be difficult to understand completely, even for well-educated native speakers of modern Chinese.

Classical Chinese relies heavily on allusion to a corpus of standard literary works to convey semantic meaning, nuance, and subtext.

Since there are no punctuation marks in Classical Chinese, it can be difficult to conclusively determine where one sentence ends and the next begins.

In the written style known as kanbun, which is the Japanese approximation of Classical Chinese, small marks called kunten are sometimes added as reading aids.

Classical Chinese painting continued on into the early modern Qing Dynasty, with highly realistic portrait paintings like seen in the late Ming Dynasty of the early 17th century.

A language like Classical Chinese instead uses unbound (" free ") morphemes, but depends on post-phrase affixes, and word order to convey meaning.

" Mozi: Language Utilitarianism: The Structure of Ethics in Classical China ," The Journal of Chinese Philosophy 16 ( 1989 ) pp. 355-380.

Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy.

Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy.

Category: Classical Chinese philosophy

Some ancient poetic traditions ; such as, contextually, Classical Chinese poetry in the case of the Shijing ( Classic of Poetry ), which records the development of poetic canons with ritual and aesthetic importance.

Classical Chinese poetics identifies four tones: the level tone, rising tone, departing tone, and entering tone.

Shi () Is the main type of Classical Chinese poetry.