* 1916 – Claude Shannon, American engineer and mathematician ( d. 2001 )

Claude E. Shannon first used the word bit in his seminal 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication.

Product ciphers were suggested and analyzed by Claude Shannon in his seminal 1949 publication Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems as a means to effectively improve security by combining simple operations such as substitutions and permutations.

The first major model for communication was introduced by by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies.

Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:

Claude Shannon proved, using information theory considerations, that any theoretically unbreakable cipher must have keys which are at least as long as the plaintext, and used only once: one-time pad.

bs: Claude E. Shannon

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In fact, when first proposed, it was a controversial statement and was opposed by other chemists, most notably Proust's fellow Frenchman Claude Louis Berthollet, who argued that the elements could combine in any proportion.

Victor Shestakov at Moscow State University ( 1907 – 1987 ) proposed a theory of electric switches based on Boolean logic even earlier than Claude Shannon in 1935 on the testimony of Soviet logicians and mathematicians Yanovskaya, Gaaze-Rapoport, Dobrushin, Lupanov, Medvedev and Uspensky, though they presented their academic theses in the same year, 1938.

In March 1899 the British proposed, in a Note from Sir Claude MacDonald to China, a new boundary between China and British India.

The epigraphist Claude Jacques has proposed that use of the name Funan be abandoned in favour of the names, such as Bhavapura, Aninditapura, Shresthapura and Vyadhapura, which are known from inscriptions to have been used at the time for cities in the region.

Claude Bernard proposed in 1865 that the body strives to maintain a steady state in the internal environment ( milieu intérieur ), introducing the concept of homeostasis.

Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage, building on Claude Louis Berthollet ’ s ideas about reversible chemical reactions, proposed the Law of Mass Action in 1864.

* Treaty of Blois ( 1504 ) ( 1st Treaty of Blois ), of September 22, 1504, which proposed a marriage between Charles of Luxembourg ( the future Emperor Charles V ) and Claude of France, daughter of Louis XII.

Labor president Claude E. Ramsay of Pascagoula denounced the Barnett-Johnson administration as " the most corrupt and irresponsible in the state's history " and supported Phillips ' proposed educational reform, civil service merit system, and opposition to an increase in the state sales tax.

Organised by John McCarthy ( then at Dartmouth College ) and formally proposed by McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon, the proposal is credited with introducing the term ' artificial intelligence '.

Aerial view of the proposed city at the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans by Claude Nicolas Ledoux, published in 1804

In March 1899 the British proposed, in a Note from Sir Claude MacDonald to China, a new boundary between China and British India.

Appendix 2 ( Neo-Centralization ) contains the point of view of senator Maurice Lamontagne, who, in two articles published in Le Devoir on September 23 and 25, 1967, rejected the special status thesis of Claude Ryan and proposed a " cooperative federalism " in which René Lévesque saw nothing but a way to re-centralize powers in Ottawa.

The Treaty of Blois of September 22, 1504 concerned the proposed marriage between Charles of the House of Habsburg, the future Charles V, and Claude of France, daughter of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany.

In 1788, Claude Boniface Collignon proposed dividing the day into 10 hours or 1000 minutes, each new hour into 100 minutes, each new minute into 1000 seconds, and each new second into 1000 tierces.

This informal characterization corresponds to both von Neumann's formal definition of the entropy of a mixed quantum state ( which is just a statistical mixture of pure states ; see von Neumann entropy ), as well as Claude Shannon's definition of the entropy of a probability distribution over classical signal states or messages ( see information entropy ).

Some of the earliest formal parterres of clipped evergreens were those laid out at Anet by Claude Mollet, the founder of a dynasty of nurserymen-designers that lasted deep into the 18th century.

Their documentary information for this period in British architecture and landscape design is particularly valued because, within a generation, the formal gardens seen in these views would be swept away in favor of the pastoral compositions, derived from idealized landscapes of painters such as Claude Lorrain, that characterize the " naturalistic " English landscape gardens.