Hannibal still won a number of notable victories: completely destroying two Roman armies in 212 BC, and at one point, killing two consuls ( including the famed Marcus Claudius Marcellus ) in a battle in 208 BC.

In turn, Germanicus received his agnomen in 9 BC, when it was posthumously awarded to his father Nero Claudius Drusus in honour of his Germanian victories.

Another freedman, Gaius Julius Callistus, was against Claudius remarrying Paetina and stated to Claudius that he divorced her before and that remarrying Paetina would make her more arrogant.

He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against Claudius Silvanus, who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in Gaul.

* 355 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor against Constantius II.

Claudius took several steps to legitimize his rule against potential usurpers, most of them emphasizing his place within the Julio-Claudian family.

Suetonius and the other ancient authors used this against Claudius.

The last act of this secretary of letters was to burn all of Claudius ' correspondence — most likely so it could not be used against him and others in an already hostile new regime.

There is also a reference to Claudius ' suppression of one of the coups against him in the movie Gladiator, though the incident is entirely fictional.

After several rounds, Gertrude toasts Hamlet — against the urgent warning of Claudius — accidentally drinking the wine he poisoned.

* Claudius II travels to Sirmium and prepares a war against the Vandals, who raid Pannonia.

An account written by Aurelius Victor states, Claudius consulted the Sibylline Books prior to his campaigns against the Goths.

On the contrary, there is a theory that the victory at Nessos was so decisive that Claudius ' efforts against the Goths ( including the battle of Naissus ) were no more than a mopping-up operation.

* Nero Claudius Drusus begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but died soon after a fall from his horse.

While at Rome, he voiced his support for the Jews to Claudius, and against the Samaritans and the procurator of Iudaea Province, Ventidius Cumanus, who was lately thought to have been the cause of some disturbances there.

Her father married her to Tiberius Claudius Nero, her cousin of patrician status who was fighting with him on the side of Julius Caesar's assassins against Octavian.

After the rebellion against Claudius led by Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus in 42.

In late 248, the legions of Pannonia and Moesia, dissatisfied with the result of the war against the Carpi, rebelled and proclaimed Tiberius Claudius Pacatianus emperor.

Appius Claudius is said to have made an unjust decision which would have forced a young woman named Verginia into prostitution or as Appius ' personal slave, prompting her father to kill her, and this travesty caused an uprising against the Decemvirate ; the decemviri resigned their offices in 449 BC, and the ordinary magistrates ( magistratus ordinarii ) were re-instituted.

In that year Caecina was implicated in the revolt of Scribonianus against Claudius, probably with the aim of restoring the republic.

* Tiberius Claudius Nero, served under Pompey during the war against the pirates, in 67 BC ; he is probably the same man who recommended that the conspirators of Catiline be held until the plot was suppressed, and the facts were known.

* Gaius Claudius C. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 50 BC ; he supported Pompeius, investing him with the command against Caesar during the Civil War ; but he remained at Rome and obtained Caesar's pardon for himself and his cousin, Marcus.

* Tiberius Claudius Centumalus, sued for fraud involving the sale of property to Publius Calpurnius Lanarius ; judgment against Claudius was given by Marcus Porcius Cato, the father of Cato Uticensis.

Learning of the approach of Claudius, the Goths first attempt to directly invade Italy.

In 270, after the death of Claudius, Goths under the leadership of Cannabaudes again launch an invasion on the Roman Empire, but were defeated by Aurelian, who however surrendered Dacia beyond the Danube.

The first mention of the Tervingi occurs in a eulogy of the emperor Maximian ( 285 – 305 ), delivered in or shortly after 291 ( perhaps at Trier on 20 April 292 ) and traditionally ascribed to Claudius Mamertinus, which says that the " Tervingi, another division of the Goths " ( Tervingi pars alia Gothorum ) joined with the Taifali to attack the Vandals and Gepidae.

In 268, Aurelian and his cavalry participated in general Claudius ' victory over the Goths at the Battle of Naissus.

The victory earned Claudius his surname of " Gothicus " ( conqueror of the Goths ), and that is how he is known to this day.

The psychological impact of this victory was so strong that Claudius became known to posterity as Claudius II Gothicus (" conqueror of the Goths ").

But Eunapius, Claudius Cladianus and Olympiodorus usually mean " Goths " when they write " Scythians ".

Claudius defeats the Goths at Naissus in Moesia.

It remains a mystery just why Claudius did not authorise Placidianus to go to the relief of Augustodunum Haeduorum ; however, it is speculated that Claudius, who was fully engaged either in Italy against the Alamanni or in the Balkans against the Goths, did not wish to open a second theatre of operations in Gaul, which would not only have involved a major military effort, but would also have required Claudius to assume responsibility for the defense of the Rhine frontier had he been successful.

# Reign of Claudius – Defeat of the Goths – Victories, Triumph, and Death, of Aurelian – Zenobia's Character

Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla, you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century ; it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.

Pallas stated to the emperor that as Lucius was the grandson to Claudius's late brother Germanicus, by marrying Agrippina, Claudius would ally the two branches of the Claudian house and imperial family.

When they heard of the Praetorians ' claim, they demanded that Claudius be delivered to them for approval, but he refused, sensing the danger that would come with complying.

Claudius ruled that slaves who recovered after such treatment would be free.

Those who regard this homage as cynical should note that, cynical or not, such a move would hardly have benefited those involved, had Claudius been " hated ", as some commentators, both modern and historic, characterize him.

Claudius ' will had been changed shortly before his death to either recommend Nero and Britannicus jointly or perhaps just Britannicus, who would have been considered an adult man according to Roman law only a few months later.

While at Athens, he developed a close friendship with his fellow student Basil of Caesarea and also made the acquaintance of Flavius Claudius Julianus, who would later become the emperor known as Julian the Apostate.

On his way, Hamlet passes Claudius in prayer, but hesitates to kill him, reasoning that death in prayer would send him to heaven.

In this reading, Hamlet is disgusted by his mother's " incestuous " relationship with Claudius while simultaneously fearful of killing him, as this would clear Hamlet's path to his mother's bed.

It would be three centuries before Claudius Ptolemaeus ' synthesis of astronomy would supersede the work of Hipparchus ; it is heavily dependent on it in many areas.

Through his daughters by Octavia, he would be ancestor to the Roman Emperors Caligula, Claudius and Nero.

It would have suited custom if the first of Ptolemy's family to become a citizen ( whether he or an ancestor ) took the nomen from a Roman called Claudius who was responsible for granting citizenship.

If, as was common, this was the emperor, citizenship would have been granted between AD 41 and 68 ( when Claudius, and then Nero, were emperors ).

After an interlude of failed aristocratic Roman emperors since Maximinus's death, Claudius was the first in a series of tough soldier-emperors who would eventually restore the Empire from the Crisis of the third century.

Accounts tell of people who, upon hearing the news of the new Emperor, reacted by murdering the family members of Gallienus, until Claudius declared he would respect the memory of his predecessor.

Before the rule of Claudius Gothicus, there had only been two emperors from the Balkans, but after, there would only be one emperor who did not hail from the provinces of Pannonia, Moesia or Illyricum until the year 378, when Theodosius I from Hispania would take the throne.

This would keep Claudius ' record of being a descendant of Constantine from being tainted.

What little is known of Titus's early life has been handed down to us by Suetonius, who records that he was brought up at the imperial court in the company of Britannicus, the son of emperor Claudius, who would be murdered by Nero in 55.

Claudius, as an older man, could have died at any moment, and Britannicus would have become the new emperor.