Thus the conception of Claudius as the weak fool, controlled by those he supposedly ruled, was preserved for the ages.

The Julio-Claudian dynasty normally refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula ( also known as Gaius ), Claudius, and Nero, or the family to which they belonged ; they ruled the Roman Empire from its formation, in the second half of the 1st century ( 44 / 31 / 27 ) BC, until AD 68, when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide.

The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester.

Roman imperial coin of Marcus Claudius Tacitus, who ruled briefly from 275-276, follows the convention of obverse and reverse coin traditions

Following the Roman conquest, Cogidubnus, who was at some point given the Roman names Tiberius Claudius, ruled what had been the lands of the Atrebates.

Some have claimed that the source maps were found in the ancient Library of Alexandria, based on Piri's allusions to Alexander the Great, the founder of Alexandria, Ptolemy I, who ruled Alexandria in the 4th century BC, and Claudius Ptolemy, the Greek geographer and cartographer who lived in Alexandria during the second century AD.

J. Spencer Kennard, Jr. interpreted the inscription's reference to " Caesar " as an indication that " the inscription must have been derived from somewhere in Samaria or Decapolis ; Galilee was ruled by a client-prince until the reign of Claudius ".

Given her name, it has been suggested that she was related to Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, a British king who ruled as a Roman client in the late 1st century.

If this is the case, then he was the son of Exuperantius of Poitiers, of whom the contemporary pagan poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus wrote: " Even now his father Exuperantius trains the Armoric sea-board to love the recovery of peace ; he re-establishes the laws, brings freedom back and suffers not the inhabitants to be their servants ' slaves.

Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla, you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century ; it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.

When the Gothic campaign ended in Roman victory at the Battle of Naissus in September, Gallienus ' successor Claudius II Gothicus turned north to deal with the Alemanni, who were swarming over all Italy north of the Po River.

Also that year, Claudius had founded a Roman colony and called the colony Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensis or Agrippinensium, today known as Cologne, after Agrippina who was born there.

Suggesting her marriage to Claudius was to a weak emperor who was, because of his hesitations and terrors, a threat to the imperial authority and government.

He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against Claudius Silvanus, who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in Gaul.

* Claudius Aelianus, Roman teacher and historian of the 3rd century, who wrote in Greek

Claudius II was the first of a sequence of military emperors ( the so-called " Illyrian emperors " from their main ethnic origin ) who restored order in the empire in the late 3rd century.

The Roman veterans who had been settled there mistreated the locals and a temple to the former emperor Claudius had been erected there at local expense, making the city a focus for resentment.

Claudius was then left to be raised by his mother, who never remarried.

The results of all these efforts were recognized even by Seneca, who has an ancient Latin god defend Claudius in his satire.

Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed and closely allied with Caligula's circle.

The ancient historians allege that Messalina was a nymphomaniac who was regularly unfaithful to Claudius — Tacitus states she went so far as to compete with a prostitute to see who could have the most sexual partners in a night — and manipulated his policies in order to amass wealth.

As a person, ancient historians described Claudius as generous and lowbrow, a man who sometimes lunched with the plebeians.

Claudius was the rare scholar who covered both.

Those who regard this homage as cynical should note that, cynical or not, such a move would hardly have benefited those involved, had Claudius been " hated ", as some commentators, both modern and historic, characterize him.

Claudius ' will had been changed shortly before his death to either recommend Nero and Britannicus jointly or perhaps just Britannicus, who would have been considered an adult man according to Roman law only a few months later.

The Flavians, who had risen to prominence under Claudius, took a different tack.

Commemorative coins were issued of Claudius and his son Britannicus — who had been a friend of the Emperor Titus ( Titus was born in 39, Britannicus was born in 41 ).

In the 2nd century, Pertinax, who shared his birthday, became Emperor, overshadowing commemoration of Claudius.

Claudius has been portrayed in film on several other occasions, including in the 1979 motion picture Caligula, the role being performed by Giancarlo Badessi in which the character was depicted as an idiot, in contrast to Robert Graves ' portrait of Claudius as a cunning and deeply intelligent man who is perceived by others to be an idiot.

They were unable to reach Caligula's uncle, Claudius, who was spirited out of the city, after being found by a soldier, to a nearby Praetorian camp.

In the novel I, Claudius by English writer Robert Graves, Caligula is presented as being a murderous sociopath from his childhood, who became clinically insane early in his reign.

The third legionary standard was recovered in 41 CE by Publius Gabinius from the Chauci during the reign of Claudius, brother to Germanicus, according to Cassius Dio in Roman History

Victories by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus over the next two years drove back the Alamanni and recovered Hispania from the Gallic Empire.

In 49, shortly after marrying Claudius, Agrippina charged Paulina with black magic.

Claudius was the first to hold magnificent celebrations in honour of the city's anniversary, in 48 AD, 800 years after the founding of the city.

When the Arch of Pavia was erected to honor the Imperial clan in 8, Claudius ' name ( now Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus after his elevation to paterfamilias of Claudii Nerones on the adoption of his brother ) was inscribed on the edge — past the deceased princes, Gaius and Lucius, and Germanicus ' children.

During the period immediately after the death of Tiberius ' son, Drusus, Claudius was pushed by some quarters as a potential heir.

Claudius issued this denarius type to emphasize his clemency after Caligula's assassination.

In 43, Claudius sent Aulus Plautius with four legions to Britain ( Britannia ) after an appeal from an ousted tribal ally.

Claudius himself travelled to the island after the completion of initial offensives, bringing with him reinforcements and elephants.

The port at Ostia was part of Claudius ' solution to the constant grain shortages that occurred in winter, after the Roman shipping season.

The conspiracy of Gaius Silius in the year after his Censorship, 48, is detailed in the section discussing Claudius ' third wife, Messalina.

Soon after coming into power, Claudius instituted games to be held in honor of his father on the latter's birthday.

Claudius rebuilt Pompey's Theater after it had been destroyed by fire, organizing special fights at the re-dedication which he observed from a special platform in the orchestra box.

Claudius married four times, after two failed betrothals.

When Urgulanilla gave birth after the divorce, Claudius repudiated the baby girl, Claudia, as the father was one of his own freedmen.

Soon after ( possibly in 28 ), Claudius married Aelia Paetina, a relative of Sejanus, if not Sejanus's adoptive sister.

A son, first named Tiberius Claudius Germanicus, and later known as Britannicus, was born just after Claudius ' accession.

Claudius ' ashes were interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus on 24 October, after a funeral in the manner of Augustus.

Claudius ' temple was left unfinished after only some of the foundation had been laid down.

Claudius became emperor after procuring the support of the Praetorian guard and ordered the execution of Chaerea and any other known conspirators involved in the death of Caligula.

Two English translations of the Various History, by Fleming ( 1576 ) and Stanley ( 1665 ) made Aelian's miscellany available to English readers, but after 1665 no English translation appeared, until three English translations appeared almost simultaneously: James G. DeVoto, Claudius Aelianus: Ποιϰίλης Ἱοτορίας (" Varia Historia ") Chicago, 1995 ; Diane Ostrom Johnson, An English Translation of Claudius Aelianus ' " Varia Historia ", 1997 ; and N. G. Wilson, Aelian: Historical Miscellany in the Loeb Classical Library.