A number of " Keys " appeared soon thereafter, analogous to contemporary services like CliffsNotes or Spark Notes.

CliffsNotes are literary study guides in their familiar black and yellow covers that assist college and high school students in their literature course work.

In 2011, CliffsNotes announced a joint venture with AOL and reality TV show producer Mark Burnett to introduce a series of 60-second video study guide surveys of literary works.

Founded in 1807, Wiley is known for publishing For Dummies and the Frommer's travel series, as well as the Webster's New World Dictionary and CliffsNotes.

Examples of companies that produce study guides include SparkNotes, CliffsNotes, Novelguide, Schaum's Outlines and Permacharts, and the not-for-profit Study Guides and Strategies.

** Clifton Hillegass, American author, founder of CliffsNotes ( d. 2001 )

* 5 – Cliff Hillegass, 83, American creator of CliffsNotes, stroke.

CliffsNotes was started by a Nebraska native named Cliff Hillegass in 1958.

CliffsNotes now exist on hundreds of works.

IDG Books purchased CliffsNotes in 1998.

* CliffsComplete: Similar to regular CliffsNotes, but also includes notes and commentary.

CliffsNotes on Beowulf.

* CliffsNotes. com.

* CliffsNotes. com.

* CliffsNotes. com.

Wiley ’ s Professional / Trade brands include For Dummies, Frommer's, Webster's New World, Jossey-Bass, Pfeiffer, CliffsNotes, Betty Crocker, Wrox Press, J. K. Lasser, Sybex, Fisher Investments Press, and Bloomberg Press.

On March 7, 2012, Wiley announced its intention to divest assets in the areas of travel ( including the Frommer ’ s brand ), culinary, general interest, nautical, pets, and crafts, as well as the Webster ’ s New World and CliffsNotes brands.

* MacEachen, Dougald B. CliffsNotes on Shelley's Poems.

http :// tip. psychology. org / bandura. html CliffsNotes. com.

* Nigel Harris ( formerly at KMFM Shepway and White Cliffs Country )

* KMFM Shepway and White Cliffs Country ( formerly Neptune Radio )-sold to the KM Group in 2002.

iCalendar is used and supported by a large number of products, including Google Calendar, Apple Calendar ( formerly iCal ), GoDaddy Online Group Calendar, IBM Lotus Notes, Yahoo!

The group formerly known as The Charlemagnes took on the name " The Blue Notes " in 1954, with a lineup consisting of lead singer Harold Melvin ( born June 25, 1939, in Philadelphia, died March 24, 1997 ), Bernard Williams, Roosevelt Brodie, Jesse Gillis, Jr., and Franklin Peaker.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science ( LNCS ) is a series of computer science books that has been published by Springer Science + Business Media ( formerly Springer-Verlag ) since 1973.

On the NASDAQ the identifying fifth letter " Q " at the end of a stock symbol indicates the company is in bankruptcy ( formerly the " Q " was placed in front of the pre-existing stock symbol ; a celebrated example was Penn Central, whose symbol was originally " PC " and became " QPC " after the company filed Chapter 11 in 1970 ).

MIPS ( originally an acronym for Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages ) is a reduced instruction set computer ( RISC ) instruction set architecture ( ISA ) developed by MIPS Technologies ( formerly MIPS Computer Systems, Inc .).

The OSGi Alliance ( formerly known as the Open Services Gateway initiative, now an obsolete name ) is an open standards organization founded in March 1999 that originally specified and continues to maintain the OSGi standard.

The course of the Warta in central Poznań was formerly quite different than today: the main stream ran between Grobla and Chwaliszewo, which were originally both islands.

The text of the Constitution of Ireland, as originally enacted in 1937, made reference in its controversial Articles 2 and 3 to two geopolitical entities: a thirty-two county ' national territory ' ( i. e., the island of Ireland ), and a twenty-six county ' state ' formerly known as the Irish Free State.

The word pidgin, formerly also spelled pigion, originally used to describe Chinese Pidgin English, was later generalized to refer to any pidgin.

It derives from the Scottish Gaelic Sasunnach meaning, originally, " Saxon ", from the Latin " Saxones "; it was also formerly applied by Highlanders to ( non-Gaelic-speaking ) Lowlanders.

WPCW Channel 19 in Pittsburgh ( formerly WNPA ) originally branded itself as " UPN 19 ", but changed over to " UPN Pittsburgh " soon after the UPN logo change, making it one of the few that had carried both standardization styles.

Some current ghost towns were originally founded along railways where steam trains formerly stopped at periodic intervals to take on water.

The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, formerly King's College in the University of Durham, features St Cuthbert's Cross on its arms, originally granted in 1937, too.

A " Level Two " championship, referred generically as the V8 Supercar Development Series, and presently by the commercial identity of Dunlop V8 Supercar Series, was originally intended for privateers who formerly raced in the Level One series but have been left behind by increasing pace of the professional teams, however, some " Level One " teams run secondary teams in the Dunlop series to " blood " new drivers or as a secondary income stream for drivers without a team of their own.

It was formerly thought that the dust was left over from the formation of the cluster, but at the age of about 100 million years generally accepted for the cluster, almost all the dust originally present would have been dispersed by radiation pressure.

Turbine, Inc. ( formerly Turbine Entertainment Software, Second Nature, and originally CyberSpace, Inc .) is an American computer game developer that pioneers 3D massively multiplayer online role-playing games ( MMORPGs ).

The East Hancock neighborhood was formerly characterised by a number of deep ravines originally covered with wooden sidewalks that were filled in by the Dakota Heights Land Company ; the neighbourhood was then " subdivided into residential lots ".

The University of Waterloo was originally conceived in 1955 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties ( WCAF ), a semi-autonomous entity within Waterloo College ( now Wilfrid Laurier University, formerly known as Waterloo Lutheran University ).

Whereas originally a barony might consist of two or more manors, by 1700 we see what were formerly single manors erected into baronies, counties or even marquisates.

The Egyptian Islamic Jihad () ( EIJ ), formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( and Liberation Army for Holy Sites ) originally referred to as " al-Jihad ," and then " the Jihad Group ", or " the Jihad Organization ", is an Egyptian Islamist group active since the late 1970s.

The Wyandot ( sometimes formerly referred to as the Huron ) are a First Nations / Native American people originally from Ontario, Canada, and surrounding areas.

* Bill Carruth Parkway, formerly known as West Hiram Parkway, originally known as Egg Farm Road

It is the site of historic Helen Keller Hospital, formerly known as Colbert County Hospital and originally constructed in 1921.

Although originally low-cost housing, Silicon Valley's housing prices shot up dramatically as many houses that were formerly lowly priced became multi-million dollar homes.

The town grew out of Stockbridge, formerly known as Indiantown, and was originally called Queensborough.

John Glenn Middle School ( originally called Bedford Junior High School ) is named for John Glenn, formerly the Superintendent of Schools in Bedford, not for the U. S. Senator and astronaut.

Chelmsford originally contained the neighboring town of Westford, and parts of Carlisle, Tyngsborough, and a large part of Lowell ( formerly known as East Chelmsford ).

Hattiesburg is home to The University of Southern Mississippi ( originally known as Mississippi Normal College ) and William Carey University ( formerly William Carey College ).