Closed-loop control systems are necessary because of the conflicting requirements for effective NO < sub > x </ sub > reduction and HC oxidation.

Closed-loop circuits are generally used for hydrostatic transmissions in mobile applications.

** Closed-loop transfer function, where a closed-loop controller may be used

* Microcores: Closed-loop implementation of a nervous net responsible for direct actuator control.

Closed-loop industrial chillers recirculate a clean coolant or clean water with condition addititives at a constant temperature and pressure to increase the stability and reproducibility of water-cooled machines and instruments.

( Jun 1980 ) “ Closed-loop control of force during electrical stimulation of muscle ”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol.

Closed-loop feedback-controlled fuel injection varies the fuel injector output according to real-time sensor data rather than operating with a predetermined ( open-loop ) fuel map.

Closed-loop: Motor-return is connected directly to the pump-inlet.

Transmit Flow Control described above is a form of Closed-loop flow control.

Closed-loop authentication, as applied to computer network communication, refers to a mechanism whereby one party verifies the purported identity of another party by requiring them to supply a copy of a token transmitted to the canonical or trusted point of contact for that identity.

Closed-loop email authentication is useful for simple situations where one party wants to demonstrate control of an email address to another, as a weak form of identity verification.

Closed-loop authentication ( like other types ) is an attempt to establish identity.

Some galvanometers used a solid pointer on a scale to show measurements, other very sensitive types used a tiny mirror and a beam of light to provide mechanical amplification of tiny signals.

Extremely sensitive measuring equipment once used mirror galvanometers that substituted a mirror for the pointer.

Open loop, or resonant mirror galvanometers, are mainly used in laser-based barcode scanners, in some printing machines, in some imaging applications, in military applications, and in space systems.

In modern times, high-speed mirror galvanometers are employed in laser light shows to move the laser beams and produce colorful geometric patterns in fog around the audience.

Such high speed mirror galvanometers have proved to be indispensable in industry for laser marking systems for everything from laser etching hand tools, containers, and parts to batch-coding semiconductor wafers in semiconductor device fabrication.

Laser ablation, laser beam machining and wafer dicing are all industrial areas where high-speed mirror galvanometers can be found.

Closer to home, mirror galvanometers are located in most retail outlets, warehouses, and parcel delivery service providers, in the form of barcode readers for Universal Product Codes and other forms of barcodes.

The voltage generated in the photomultiplier was used to drive galvanometers which had a small mirror mounted on the axis.

Other early pioneers employed rotating mirrors, or vibrating mirrors known as mirror galvanometers.

One form of sensitive and high-speed recorder used beams of ultraviolet light reflected off mirror galvanometers, directed at light-sensitive paper.

These took the form of moving-coil panel meters or mirror galvanometers with demanding ' ballistics ': the key requirement being that the indicated level should rise as quickly as possible with negligible overshoot.

But there are at least two reasons for contemplating one's mind in even a cracked mirror.

These wavelengths are reflected in sequence through the specimen by the rotating mirror ; ;

The video signal is amplified and then switched, in synchronism with the three ultraviolet light sources which are sequenced by the rotating mirror so that during one-twentieth of a second only one wavelength, corresponding to red, green, or blue, is seen.

Of the standard α-amino acids, all but glycine can exist in either of two enantiomers, called or amino acids, which are mirror images of each other ( see also Chirality ).

There are 13 Archimedean solids ( 15 if the mirror images of two enantiomorphs, see below, are counted separately ).

are favourite schemes for English Palladian mirror frames of the late 1720s through the 1740s, by such designers as William Kent.

Except for a few primitive types such as sponges ( which have no nervous system ) and jellyfish ( which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net ), all living animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape ( that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other ).

Hole card games are sometimes played on tables with a small mirror or electronic sensor which are used to peek securely at the hole card.

The test examines whether animals are able to differentiate between seeing themselves in a mirror versus seeing other animals.

The classic example involves placing a spot of coloring on the skin or fur near the individual's forehead and seeing if they attempt to remove it or at least touch the spot, thus indicating that they recognize that the individual they are seeing in the mirror is themselves.

* orientation-preserving, as transformations which produce mirror reflections are not possible in nature.

From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole ( 15 mm ), the first-transition area ( clamping ring ), the clamping area ( stacking ring ), the second-transition area ( mirror band ), the program ( data ) area, and the rim.

Some sites are major FTP servers which mirror lots of other software, but others are simply servers owned by companies that use Perl heavily.

Gargas are made with numerous patterns and color, having complicated embroidery, mirror, and patchwork.

If ( x, y ) are the Cartesian coordinates of a point, then (− x, y ) are the coordinates of its reflection across the second coordinate axis ( the Y axis ), as if that line were a mirror.

) Thus, for example, a 2x6 rectangle and a 3x4 rectangle are equal but not congruent, and the letter R is congruent to its mirror image.

Many flags are dyed through and through to be inexpensive to manufacture, such that the reverse side is the mirror image of the obverse ( front ) side, generally the side displayed when the flag is flying from the observer's point of view from left, the side of the pole, to right.

This is known as the mirror image rule and is related to the Franck – Condon principle which states that electronic transitions are vertical, that is energy changes without distance changing as can be represented with a vertical line in Jablonski diagram.

A hyperbola has two pieces, called connected components or branches, which are mirror images of each other and resembling two infinite bows.

There are therefore two asymptotes, whose intersection is at the center of symmetry of the hyperbola, which can be thought of as the mirror point about which each branch reflects to form the other branch.