Code pleading was first introduced in 1850 in New York and in 1872 in California, and eventually spread to 22 other states.

Code pleading sought to abolish the distinction between law and equity.

Code pleading stripped out most of the legal fictions that had encrusted common law pleading by requiring parties to plead " ultimate facts.

Code pleading also drastically shortened the pleading process.

Code pleading has also been criticized as promoting " hypertechnical reading of legal papers ".

On December 29, 2009, the California Court of Appeal for the Sixth District ruled that California Code of Civil Procedure Section 367 cannot be read as imposing a federal-style standing doctrine on California's code pleading system of civil procedure.

The Code inspired similar reforms in 23 other states, and gave birth to the term " code pleading " for the system of civil procedure it created.

The Rules, established in 1938, replaced the earlier Field Code and common law pleading systems.

Code pleading places additional burdens on a party to plead the " ultimate facts " of its case, laying out the party's entire case and the facts or allegations underlying it.

His greatest accomplishment was engineering the move away from common law pleading towards code pleading, which culminated in the enactment of the Field Code in 1850 by the state of New York.

First was the period of codification of existing law: the Code Napoleon in France and the peculiar codification that, in fact, resulted from Austin's restatement and ordering of the Common Law in England.

Under the 1939 Code this item was permitted to survive a tax-free reorganization in the Stanton Brewery case, but only over the dissent of Judge Learned Hand, who wrote the majority opinion in the Sansome case, a leading case requiring carryover of earnings and profits in a non-taxable reorganization.

However, the Federal Court held that since the State had accepted the provisions of the Wagner-Peyser Act into its own Code, and presumably therefore also the regulations, it was now a State matter.

The US ASCII 1968 Code Chart was structured with two columns of control characters, a column with special characters, a column with numbers, and four columns of letters

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association, called the X3 committee, by its X3. 2 ( later X3L2 ) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3. 2. 4 working group.

His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work — according to Bemer, " so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe ".

In Tonga, the Vava ' u Code ( 1839 ) was inspired by Methodist missionary teachings, and was a form of blue law.

During the Second World War, Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom's main decryption establishment, the Government Code and Cypher School ( GC & CS ), where ciphers and codes of several Axis countries were decrypted, most importantly the ciphers generated by the German Enigma and Lorenz machines.

An example of this is the Telegraph Code which was used to shorten long telegraph messages which resulted from entering into commercial contracts using exchanges of Telegrams.

One of the first of these Germanic law codes to be written was the Visigothic Code of Euric ( 471 ).

These continental codes were all composed in Latin, whilst Anglo-Saxon was used for those of England, beginning with the Code of Ethelbert of Kent ( 602 ).

The Code was based on Roman-Byzantine law.

" In this way, the common law was eventually incorporated into the legal systems of every state except Louisiana ( which inherited a civil law system from its French colonizers before the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, adopting a code similar to but not directly based on the Napoleonic Code of 1804 ).

The only part of this codification process that was considered complete is known as the Field Code applying to civil procedure.

Contrary to popular belief, the Louisiana code does not directly derive from the Napoleonic Code, as the latter was enacted in 1804, one year after the Louisiana Purchase.

Under the aegis of the Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV, who promulgated the Code, effective in 1918.

The work having been begun by Pius X, it was sometimes called the " Pio-Benedictine Code " but more often the 1917 Code.

In its preparation, centuries of material was examined, scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts, and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other codes, from the Codex of Justinian to the Napoleonic Code.

In this case the specific name marinus changes to marina in order to conform with the rules of gender agreement as set out by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature changing the binomial name from Bufo marinus to Rhinella marina ; the binomial Rhinella marinus was subsequently introduced as a synonym through misspelling by Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan ( 2008 ).

Code coverage was among the first methods invented for systematic software testing.

The Code of Hammurabi was one of several sets of laws in the ancient Near East.

A similar declaration was issued with regard to Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo's conferring of episcopal ordination on four men-all of whom, by virtue of previous Independent Catholic consecrations, claimed already to be bishops-on 24 September 2006: the Holy See, as well as stating that, in accordance with Canon 1382 of the Code of Canon Law, all five men involved incurred automatic (" latae sententiae ") excommunication through their actions, declared that " the Church does not recognise and does not intend in the future to recognise these ordinations or any ordinations derived from them, and she holds that the canonical state of the four alleged bishops is the same as it was prior to the ordination.

The possibility for justice to endorse lengthy remand periods was one reason why the Napoleonic Code was criticized for de facto presumption of guilt, particularly in common law countries.

Journalist Drosnin's books have been criticized by some who believe that the Bible Code is real but that it cannot predict the future.

The tuna fishery is one of the best managed fisheries in the world, according to the UN Code of Responsible Fishing, but has been criticized by others as being responsible for continuing by-catch of false killer whales, seabirds, and other nontargeted wildlife, as well as placing pressure on depleted bigeye tuna stocks.

The Indian Flag Code was often criticized for being too rigid and prevented ordinary citizens from displaying the flag on homes and other buildings.

While the WADA code has been accepted by numerous sport organizations, leagues, and federations around the world, the overwhelming majority of U. S. professional sport leagues ( NFL, MLB, NHL, NBA, MLS ); state athletic federations ( boxing, UFC ); as well as the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) are not signatories of the WADA Code and are often criticized for having less-effective anti-doping programs in comparison to the Olympic, Paralympic and Pan-American movements, as well as those professional sport programs in other countries that have become signatories of the WADA Code.

Critics of WADA Code whereabouts requirements have criticized the requirement as overly strict, while proponents claim the requirement ensure athletes cannot evade tests.

He was criticized at a seminar in New Delhi held in October 2010 for his views, because of which he could potentially face sedition charges under section 124 ( A ) of the Indian Penal Code ( IPC ).

Noting that George Huguely V, a University of Virginia student recently charged in the murder of his girlfriend Yeardley Love, was a Landon alumnus, Dowd criticized the school's " Civility Code " for what she saw as hypocrisy.

Water fluoridation has also been criticized by Cross and Carton for violating the Nuremberg Code and the Council of Europe's Biomedical Convention of 1999.