The 2nd millennium was the thousand-year period that commenced on January 1, 1001 and ended on December 31, 2000, encompasses the High Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Early Modern Age, the age of Colonialism, industrialization, the rise of nation states, and culminates in the 20th century with the impact of science, widespread education, and universal health care and vaccinations in many nations.

In his preface to Jürgen Osterhammel's Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview, Roger Tignor says, " For Osterhammel, the essence of colonialism is the existence of colonies, which are by definition governed differently from other territories such as protectorates or informal spheres of influence.

It was during this time that he produced works such as L ' An Cinq, de la Révolution Algérienne in 1959 ( Year Five of the Algerian Revolution, later republished as Sociology of a Revolution and later still as A Dying Colonialism ).

Colonialism brought in huge amounts of wealth, not only in the silver that was extracted from the mines in Bolivia, Mexico and elsewhere, but also in the resultant trade in commodities, such as sugar and tobacco.

Colonialism also brought other art forms, such as the Portuguese Farapeira and Branyo.

Colonialism in this sense refers to Western European countries ' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania ; the main European countries which were active in this form of colonization were Spain, Portugal, France, the Kingdom of England, the Netherlands, and from the 18th century Great Britain.

Colonialism is often identified as the force which is ' against Islam ', and seems to neatly encompass British Empire experiences as well as those of modern times.

During Herero Genocide Eugen Fischer, a German scientist, came to the concentration camps to conduct medical experiments on race, using children of Herero people and mulatto children of Herero women and German men as test subjects. Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001, p. 12 Together with Theodor Mollison he also experimented upon Herero prisoners Those experiments included sterilization, injection of smallpox, typhus as well as tuberculosis.

French Colonialism in Tropical Africa 1900-1945.

" The Middle Ages between Nationalism and Colonialism ," French Historical Studies ( Winter 2011 ) 34 # 1 pp 37 – 46

Only the most basic infrastructure ( notably the Dakar-Niger Railway ) was constructed during the period of French Colonialism.

* Benjamin, Roger Orientalist Aesthetics, Art, Colonialism and French North Africa: 1880-1930, U. of California Press, 2003

translation, French Colonialism in Tropical Africa, 1900 – 1945.

He wrote Discours sur le colonialisme ( Discourse on Colonialism ) ( 1950 ; English translation 1953 ), a denunciation of European colonial racism, decadence, and hypocrisy that was republished in the French review Présence Africaine in 1955.

Some ( but not all ) Tuareg wished for an independent Tuareg Nation to be formed when French Colonialism ended.

* David Chidester, Savage Systems: Colonialism and Comparative Religion in Southern Africa ( 1996 )

Colonialism alone would have been able to make these difficulties serious, for Christianity is so closely tied to colonialism in the minds of these people that repudiation of the one has tended automatically toward the repudiation of the other.

Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing.

These practices have been deemed " Toxic Colonialism " by many developing countries.

Colonialism and its processes increasingly brought European thinkers in contact, directly or indirectly with " primitive others.

Colonialism and the Revolutionary Period ( Beginning-1800 ): American Literature in its Historical, Cultural, and Social Contexts.

Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory.

Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropole and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population.

Colonialism is based on an imperial outlook, thereby creating a consequential relationship.

Colonialism went much further than trade.

Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa.

* Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages.

Colonialism and racism were important issues that arose.

* Patrick Keith, Through Colonialism and Imperialism: The Struggle for Tuscarora Nationhood in Southeastern North Carolina, M. A.

** Russian SFSR officially changes its name to the Russian Federation which ends the Russian Colonialism after 709 years.

During the age of Colonialism in America, a thimble was given as a sign of eternal companionship.

Colonialism left the people with a very low self-image in 1932 Colonial Jamaica.

* Daniel of Moscow begins the Russian Colonialism by uniting the west side of Russia, which ends the Tatar Yoke and begins the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

The frequently postulated antique worry that the daylight hours might dwindle to complete darkness apparently gave rise to a ritual and celebration which we still recognize.

This notion of the General Will gave rise to the Commune of Paris in the Revolution and later brought Napoleon to dictatorship.

The latter procedure gave rise to a small active protein peak ( Region 1a ) between Regions 1 and 2.

In virtually every case the transferor corporation is liquidated, and its former stockholders either own outright, or have a continuing stock interest in, the assets which gave rise to the tax.

The Aramaic gave rise to Hebrew.

The Greek alphabet, in its Euboean form, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula, where it gave rise to a variety of alphabets used to write the Italic languages.

Elder Futhark gave rise to a variety of alphabets known collectively as the Runic alphabets.

Also, an oversight in the small saucer's programming gave rise to a popular strategy known as " lurking " — because the saucer could only shoot directly at the player's position on the screen, the player could " hide " at the opposite end of the screen and shoot across the screen boundary, while remaining relatively safe.

The account, which explains how the snake crushes and devours tigers, is full of popular misconceptions, but was much read at the time, and so gave rise to the myth of the anaconda of Ceylon.

In the Middle East, Aramaic gave rise to the Hebrew and Nabataean abjads, which retained many of the Aramaic letter forms.

This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called Textese, with which 10 % or more of the words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated.

The foam from his genitals gave rise to Aphrodite ( for which reason she is called " foam-arisen "), while the Erinyes ( furies ) emerged from the drops of blood.

Germanicus ’ death in the year 19 caused much public grief in Rome, and gave rise to rumors that he had been murdered by Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and Munatia Plancina on the orders of Tiberius, as his widow Agrippina the Elder returned to Rome with his ashes.

With increasing cold, the former gave rise to water, earth and stones.

Algoritmi, the translator's rendition of the author's name, gave rise to the word algorithm ( Latin algorithmus, " calculation method ").

This poem gave rise to the common phrase monarch of all I survey via the verse:

In Scandinavia the amber road probably gave rise to the thriving Nordic Bronze Age culture, bringing influences from the Mediterranean Sea to the northernmost countries of Europe.

The great extent of country which this race occupied, and the desire of each part of it to trace its origin to some descendant of Aeolus, probably gave rise to the varying accounts about the number of his children.

These developments gave rise to the Islamist and Islamic movement opposed to the increasing communist and Soviet influence over Afghanistan.

Winthrop's sermon gave rise to the common belief in American folklore that the United States of America has a special status in the world as God's Country.

This gave rise to the expression " Athanasius contra mundum " or " Athanasius against the world ".

Elite boards also spawned their own subculture and gave rise to the slang known today as leetspeak.

The legend of Archimedes gave rise to a considerable amount of research on burning glasses and lenses until the late 17th century.

Besides many pseudoscientific comparisons, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts to connect Basque with geographically very distant language families.

The " angel " reading found an echo among the ancient Fathers of the Church and ecclesiastical writers, and even gave rise to the " strangest fancies ", especially among the disciples of Origen of Alexandria.