Political theorists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party

Some Communist states claimed to have abolished capitalism, although some Marxist theorists describe them as state capitalist, rather than anti-capitalist.

Western Marxists have varied in terms of political commitment: Lukács, Gramsci and Althusser were all members of Soviet-aligned parties ; Karl Korsch was heavily critical of Soviet Marxism, advocating council communism and later becoming increasingly interested in anarchism ; the theorists of The Frankfurt School tended towards political quietism, although Herbert Marcuse became known as the ' father of the New Left '; Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Lefebvre were, at different periods, supporters of the Communist Party of France, but all would later become disillusioned with it ; Ernst Bloch lived in and supported the Soviet Union, but lost faith in it towards the end of his life.

Although an academic philosopher and never an active member of any Marxist political party, his thought exerted influence on many political theorists in Italy during the early 20th century, including the founder of the Italian Liberal Party, Benedetto Croce and one of the leaders of the Italian Communist Party, Antonio Gramsci.

Communist guerrillas recently have been reported increasing their activities and the great flood of the Mekong River has interposed a new crisis.

The Viet Cong, the Communist rebels, may have lost their stored grain and arms factories.

The widespread purge that has taken place the past twelve months or so among Communist leaders in the provinces gives assurance that the party officials who will dominate the Congress, and the Central Committee it will elect, will all have passed the tightest possible Khrushchev screening, both for loyalty to him and for competence and performance on the job.

It could have continued testing to the full on the grounds that the radiation danger was far less than the danger of Communist world domination.

I have done all this for the freedom of the individuals concerned and also for the states which have been threatened by Communist domination.

but if providing higher standards of living gets in the way of producing sufficient guns to resist Communist aggression, then material sacrifices and denials will have to be made.

In answering these questions, we need to ask not merely whether Communist troops have crossed over into territories they did not occupy before, and not merely whether disciplined agents of the Cominform are in control of governments from which they were formerly excluded: the success of Communism's war against the West does not depend on such spectacular and definitive conquests.

Only in one instance have we moved purposively and effectively to dislodge existing Communist power: in Guatemala.

The climate and the events of the last decade, and the steady pressure of the `` cold '' war, have given Americans yet another means of avoiding self-examination, and so it has been decided that the riots were `` Communist '' inspired.

How effective have Kennedy administration first foreign policy decisions been in dealing with Communist aggression??

Until the Cuban fiasco and the Communist military victories in Laos, almost any observer would have said that President Kennedy had blended a program that respected, generally, the opinions voiced both by Mr. Nixon and the professors.

And Harry Dexter White, implicated in F.B.I. reports in Communist associations, was one of the architects of the Morgenthau Plan, which had it ever been put into full operation, would have simply handed Germany to Stalin.

With justified bitterness the author speaks of `` what seems to me to have been an inexcusable body of ignorance about the nature of the Russian Communist movement, about the history of its diplomacy, about what had happened in the purges, and about what had been going on in Poland and the Baltic States ''.

The scope and significance of this intervention have been grossly exaggerated by Communist propaganda ; ;

Communists have played an active role in the organisation, and John Cox, its chairman from 1971 to 1977, was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.

Alleged infiltration of the U. S. government by Chinese Communist agents may have also played a role in the suspension of American aid.

The second is the " populist coalition ", the core of which are the tuanpai, or the " Youth League faction " which consists mainly of officials who have risen from the rural interior, through the Communist Youth League.

Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt.

They have also argued that, while the modern Communist Party may be flawed, it is comparatively better than previous regimes, with respect to improving the general standard of living, than any other government that has governed China in the past century and can be seen in a more favourable light compared with most governments of the developing nations.

Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers, recalled that when he asked Lu Weidong, a teacher at the party school in Yan ' an, why this is the case, Lu responded that the idea of the party having its own website was " redundant " and that " All the important media is owned by the Party, so we have no need to set up a website.

Being himself one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Italy, ( CPI ), his theories had, in turn, been strongly influenced by the German social thinker Karl Marx, and have their ideological roots grounded in Marxist theory of false consciousness and capitalist exploitation.

The Communist Party of Britain and The Socialist Workers Party, neither of which have any considerable power or influence, with not one seat in Parliament nor in a local council, both criticise the European Union from an ultra-left perspective and their " scepticism " is a form of left-wing euroscepticism although its adherents may reject the term.

The Communist Party of Albania will unite with any group that used to have contacts with the fascist invaders, but has now terminated those contacts and is willing to now fight against the fascist invaders, provided those groups have not committed any crimes against the people.

But foreign policy scholars such as Eric Nordlinger in his book Isolationism Reconfigured have argued that " A vision of Finlandization in America's absence runs up squarely against the European states ' long-standing Communist antipathies and wariness of Moscow's peaceful wiles, valued national traditions and strong democratic institutions, as well as their size and wherewithal.

First published on 21 February 1848, it laid out the beliefs of the Communist League, a group who had come increasingly under the influence of Marx and Engels, who argued that the League must make their aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding them as they had formerly been doing.

Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne ( Köln ) where he began issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany, in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time, the bourgeoisie must overthrow the feudal monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.

However others, pointing to Marx's encounter with late 19th-century Russian populism and Marx and Engels's preface to the second Russian edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party ( 1882 ), have argued that Marx evinced a growing conviction in his late writings that revolution could in fact emerge first in Russia.

This action was also of great importance for the Communist Party of China, as it has been argued that following the Nanjing Massacre Chiang's failure to break off the Trautmann Mediation led to the perception that the entire Kuomintang was weak.

Some in the U. S. New Left argued that since the Soviet Union could no longer be considered the world center for proletarian revolution, new revolutionary Communist thinkers had to be substituted in its place, such as Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh and Fidel Castro.

Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848, at the time when the Communist Manifesto was published, " socialism was respectable on the continent, while communism was not.

Stalin argued that the state must become stronger before it can " wither away " in favor of creating a classless Communist society.

Proponents of continuity cite a variety of contributory factors: it is argued that it was Lenin, rather than Stalin, whose civil war measures introduced the Red Terror with its hostage taking and internment camps, that it was Lenin who developed the infamous Article 58, and who established the autocratic system within the Communist Party.

The paper is now known for printing the first English version of Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto in its December 30, 1871 edition, and the paper " argued the cause of labor with eloquence and skill.

In a debate before the Oregon primary with Harold Stassen, Dewey argued against outlawing the Communist Party of the United States of America, saying " you can't shoot an idea with a gun.

In it, Wei argued that political liberalization and the empowering of the laboring masses was essential for modernization, that the Communist Party was controlled by reactionaries, and that the people must struggle to overthrow the reactionaries via a long and possibly bloody fight.

" Xinhua also asserted that " the so-called ' truth, kindness and forbearance ' principle preached by Li has nothing in common with the socialist ethical and cultural progress we are striving to achieve ", and argued that it was necessary to crush Falun Gong in order to preserve the " vanguard role and purity " of the Communist Party.

Trotsky argued that the defeat of the German working class and the coming to power of Hitler in 1933 was due in part to the mistakes of the Third Period policy of the Communist International and that the subsequent failure of the Communist Parties to draw the correct lessons from those defeats showed that they were no longer capable of reform, and a new international organisation of the working class must be organised.

The 1951 Congress argued that Trotskyists should start to conduct systematic work inside those Communist Parties which were followed by the majority of the working class.

Alexander Bogdanov argued that the radical reformation of society to Communist principles meant little if any bouregeois art would prove useful ; some of his more radical followers advocated the destruction of libraries and museums.

When the Republic of China government was relocated to Taipei in 1949 as a result of the Kuomintang's ( KMT ) defeat by the Chinese Communist Party forces in the Chinese Civil War, the provincial administration remained in place under the claim that the ROC was still the government of all of China even though the opposition argued that it overlapped inefficiently with the national government.

A group of leaders of the French Internationalist Communist Party ( PCI ) around Yvan Craipeau argued a similar position until they were expelled from the PCI in 1948.

It argued that the mass Communist parties " may, under certain favourable conditions, go beyond the aims set for them by the Soviet bureaucracy and project a revolutionary orientation ".

In line with this geopolitical perspective, Pablo argued that the only way the Trotskyists could avoid isolation was for various sections of the Fourth International to undertake long-term entryism in the mass Communist or Social Democratic parties.

If Communists succeeded in taking over the rest of Indochina, Eisenhower argued, local groups would then have the encouragement, material support and momentum to take over Burma, Thailand, Malaya and Indonesia ; all of these countries had large popular Communist movements and insurgencies within their borders at the time.