; Coronary heart disease: Coronary heart disease is a general term for any reduction in coronary circulation.

; Coronary artery bypass surgery ( CABG ): Grafting an artery or vein from elsewhere ( typically the leg ) to bypass a stenotic coronary artery.

; Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty ( PTCA ): Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by forcibly expanding it with a balloon.

Coronary artery disease ( CAD ; also atherosclerotic heart disease ) is the result of the accumulation of

McLaren received five-star ratings for: Coronary bypass surgery ; Cardiac interventions ; Treatment of heart attacks ; Total knee replacement ; Total hip replacement ; Back and neck surgery ; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease care ; Community-Acquired pneumonia care.

; Coronary thrombectomy: Coronary thrombectomy involves the removal of a thrombus ( blood clot ) from the coronary arteries.

: Coronary Care and Coronary Stepdown Unit ;

These include: Waiting Times ; Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke ; Genetics and Information ; Clinical Dataset Development ; Women, Children and Sexual health ; Public health, Substance misuse ; Quality improvement ; Information governance ; and Mental health.

In some parts of the world, the emergency medical service also encompasses the role of moving patients from one medical facility to an alternative one ; usually to facilitate the provision of a higher level or more specialised field of care but also to transfer patients from a specialized facility to a local hospital or nursing home when they no longer require the services of that specialized hospital, such as following successful cardiac catheterization due to a heart attack.

Paraphimosis is usually caused by well-meaning medical professionals or parents who handle the foreskin improperly: The foreskin may be retracted during penile examination, penile cleaning, urethral catheterization, or cystoscopy ; if the foreskin is left retracted for a long period, some of the foreskin tissue may become edematous ( swollen with fluid ), which makes subsequent reduction of the foreskin difficult.

This may include the sexual attraction to medical practitioners, medical uniforms, anaesthesia or intimate examinations such as rectal examination, gynecological examination, urological examination, andrological examination, rectal temperature taking, catheterization, diapering, enemas, injections, the insertion of suppositories, menstrual cups and prostatic massage ; or medical devices such as orthopedic casts and orthopedic braces ( see also abasiophilia ).

* Pulmonary artery wedge pressure < 18 mmHg ( obtained by pulmonary artery catheterization ), if this information is available ; if unavailable, then lack of clinical evidence of left ventricular failure suffices

Specifically, coronary catheterization is a visually interpreted test performed to recognize occlusion, stenosis, restenosis, thrombosis or aneurysmal enlargement of the coronary artery lumens ; heart chamber size ; heart muscle contraction performance ; and some aspects of heart valve function.

Another example of preliminary treatment is heart catheterization to evaluate the defect or defects of the heart ; this procedure is much more invasive.

; Acute coronary syndrome ( ACS ): Acute coronary syndrome is a broad term encompassing many acute myocardial infarction symptoms.

; Myocardial infarction ( aka heart attack ): A myocardial infarction is the death of a part of the heart which is typically caused by a blockage of the coronary circulation or coronary heart disease.

; Restenosis: Recurrence of stenosis which would refer to a coronary artery in the context of the coronary circulation.

; Percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ): Procedures to treat stenotic coronary arteries by accessing through a blood vessel.

; Atherectomy: Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by removal of atherosclerotic plaque.

; Stenting: Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by forcibly expanding it with a metal wire tube.

The heart is fed by the coronary circulation and is enclosed by a sac known as the pericardium ; it is also surrounded by the lungs.

All forms of coronary heart disease are much less-common in the Third World, as its risk factors are much more common in Western and Westernized countries ; it could therefore be termed a disease of affluence.

* “ Arbitrary ” comorbidity: initial alogism of the combination of diseases is not proven, but soon can be explained with clinical and scientific point of view ( for example, combination of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) and choledocholithiasis ; combination of acquired heart valvular disease and psoriasis ).

Some brands of peanut butter may contain a small amount of added partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are high in trans fatty acids, thought to be a cause of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke ; these oils are added to prevent the peanut oil from separating.

Paper filters remove oily components called diterpenes ; these organic compounds, present in unfiltered coffee, appear to increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

Nevertheless, a level above 2. 4 mg / L has been associated with a doubled risk of a coronary event compared to levels below 1 mg / L ; however, the study group in this case consisted of patients who had been diagnosed with unstable angina pectoris ; whether elevated CRP has any predictive value of acute coronary events in the general population of all age ranges remains unclear.

The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats ; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart.

; Transposition of the great vessels ( TGV ): Abnormal spatial arrangement of the great vessels ( superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and aorta ).

; Carotid artery: Diseases of the carotid arteries

; Electrophysiology study: Studying the electrical activity of the heart through the use of catheters placed in the heart via veins or arteries.

An alternative, and less painful way of applying this choke, is to bend the choking arm in a " V " shape and put pressure with the biceps and the forearm on the two sides of the neck, respectively ; this is a circulatory choke, which puts pressure on the arteries taking blood to the brain and thus deprives the brain of oxygen.

Immense sums, however, were spent upon public works, in carrying through the comprehensive planning that had come to fruition during his retirement, bringing water to the waterless hills in the Acqua Felice, feeding twenty-seven new fountains ; laying out new arteries in Rome, which connected the great basilicas, even setting his engineer-architect Domenico Fontana to replan the Colosseum as a silk-spinning factory housing its workers.

There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart ; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues ; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart.

Having this simple but essential mathematical proportion at hand – which proved the overall impossible aforementioned role of the liver – Harvey went on to prove how the blood circulated in a circle by means of countless experiments initially done on serpents and fish: tying their veins and arteries in separate periods of time, Harvey noticed the modifications which occurred ; indeed, as he tied the veins, the heart would become empty, while as he did the same to the arteries, the organ would swell up.

Veins differ from arteries in structure and function ; for example, arteries are more muscular than veins, veins are often closer to the skin and contain valves to help keep blood flowing toward the heart, while arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis ; the hardening of arteries, and can also trigger heart attacks.

However, Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins ; these were later discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1661.

Some people with chest pain have normal or minimal narrowing of heart arteries ; in these patients, vasospasm is a more likely cause for the pain, sometimes in the context of Prinzmetal's angina and syndrome X.

The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries ( from the gastroduodenal artery and SMA respectively ) form an anastomotic loop between the celiac trunk and the SMA ; so there is potential for collateral circulation here.

This causes dilation of the " normal " segments of arteries ; i. e. where the endothelium is not separated from the tunica media by atherosclerotic plaque.

Williams suggested the following example: Perhaps a gene codes for calcium deposition in bones, which promotes juvenile survival and will therefore be favored by natural selection ; however, this same gene promotes calcium deposition in the arteries, causing negative effects in old age.

The right ventricle has two arteries leaving it ; a pulmonary artery, which goes to the lungs, and the left aortic arch, which goes to the body, or systemic circulation.

He wrote on the structure of organs, but not their uses ; the pulse and its association with respiration ; the arteries and the movement of blood ; and the uses of theriacs.