# REDIRECT Corporative federalism

* Corporative federalism

Ultimately, Gentile foresaw a social order wherein opposites of all kinds weren't to be considered as existing independently from each other ; that ' publicness ' and ' privateness ' as broad interpretations were currently false as imposed by all former kinds of Government, including capitalism and communism ; and that only the reciprocal totalitarian state of Corporative Syndicalism, a fascist state, could defeat these problems which are made from reifying as an external reality that which is in fact, to Gentile, only a thinking reality.

Further, he reformed the Scuola, gave it formal autonomy and sought an expansion to other disciplines, with the creation of the Collegio Mussolini per le Scienze Corporative ( 1931 ) and the Collegio Nazionale Medico ( 1932 ).

There with the support of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss he founded and edited an anti-Nazi weekly paper, Der Christliche Ständestaat ( The Christian Corporative State ).

He served as President of the Corporative Chamber between 1949 and 1955.

Part of Corporative federalism's philosophical underpinnings as a form of jurisdiction rests within the auspices of demographics as polities as much as they are constituencies of a federative structure.

It is credited as the first constitution of any recognized country embracing corporatist principles ( though outdated significantly by the Charter of Carnaro ), espousing a bicameral parliament, including a western-styled National Assembly, elected directly every four years, and the Corporative Chamber, representing different " corporations ", schools, universities, colonies and local municipalities, in effect appointed by the National Assembly after its inaugural.

The role of the Corporative Chamber was limited to that of an advisory body, while all legislation was handled by the Assembly under the direction of its only party or " movement ", the National Union, an ideology-lacking beacon completely subordinate to the Salazar administration.

He became the Director of the Secretariado Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil ( National Secretariat of Civil Aeronautics ), General-Commander of the Legião Portuguesa, Deputy National Commissar of the Mocidade Portuguesa and Procurator to the Corporative Chamber.

The Portuguese Senate ( upper house ) and Corporative Chamber used to meet in this room until the 1976 Constitution established unicameralism.

We can only have that when the Corporative system is accepted ".

In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments ; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a confederation in actuality.

Under American federalism, the interpretation of a state supreme court on a matter of state law is normally final and binding and must be accepted in both state and federal courts.

The concept of fiscal federalism is not to be associated with fiscal decentralization in officially declared federations only ; it is applicable even to non-federal states ( having no formal federal constitutional arrangement ) in the sense that they encompass different levels of government which have defacto decision making authority ( Sharma, 2005a: 44 ).

This however does not mean that all forms of governments are ' fiscally ' federal ; it only means that ' fiscal federalism ' is a set of principles, that can be applied to all countries attempting ' fiscal decentralization '.

Article 1 of the Basic Law ( in German legal shorthand GG, for Grundgesetz ), which establishes this principle that " human dignity is inviolable " and that human rights are directly applicable law, as well as the general principles of the state in Article 20 GG, which guarantees democracy, republicanism, social responsibility, federalism, and the right of resistance should anybody undertake to abolish this order, remain under the guarantee of perpetuity stated in Article 79 Paragraph 3, i. e., those two cannot be changed even if the normal amendment process is followed.

This arrangement arose from the inception of OASDI, when some key members of Congress considered the Social Security Disability program should be administered employing federalism, fearing expansion of the federal government.

Devolution differs from federalism in that the devolved powers of the subnational authority may be temporary and ultimately reside in central government, thus the state remains, de jure unitary.

After 1988 it was to be the Conservatives who were divided, with Thatcher and her supporters opposed to further European federalism.

This is a result of federalism: only the federal Parliament has the legislative power to enact criminal law statutes, yet provinces can also attach penal dispositions to their non-criminal statutes so they will be respected.

The details of American federalism, including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised, have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution.

Another 39 were included in the final acte d ' accusation, accepted by the Convention on 24 October 1793, which stated the crimes for which they were to be tried as their perfidious ambition, their hatred of Paris, their " federalism " and, above all, their responsibility for the attempt of their escaped colleagues to provoke civil war.

Vanier's tenure was marked by economic problems plaguing the country and a succession of minority governments, but the greatest threats to Confederation came from the rise of the Quiet Revolution, Quebec nationalism, and the Quebec sovereignty movement, including the terrorist actions of the Front de libération du Québec ; indeed, as a Québécois representing the Canadian monarch and someone who promoted federalism, he was perceived by many Quebec separatists to be a traitor to his people.

However, the Supreme Court of Canada has found that this list is not intended to be exhaustive, and in 1998's Reference re Secession of Quebec identified four " supporting principles and rules " that are included as unwritten elements of the constitution: federalism, democracy, constitutionalism and the rule of law, and respect for minorities.

However in 1819 the nation suffered its first depression and the 1820s turned out to be a decade of political turmoil that again led to fierce debates over competing views of the exact nature of American federalism.

Since the 1970s, the United States government has provided large sums of money through block grants, under a policy that has come to be known as " devolutionary " or " new federalism.

A 1960s survey found that 73 % of Slovak respondents supported federalism ; 94 % wished that Czech-Slovak relations might be restructured.

In addition, the idea of " states ' rights " was considered by some to be subsumed within a broader meaning than simply a reference to civil rights laws, eventually encompassing federalism as the means to forestall Federal intervention in the culture wars.

* The type of federalism to be applied within the federation

Zentrismus is a term merely known to experts and may be confused with Zentralismus ( as opposite to federalism ); the usual term in German is politische Mitte ( political centre ).

The premier of Saskatchewan also argued that the debates over Canadian federalism, particularly the increasing decentralization being pushed for by regional leaders such as Quebec Premier Jean Lesage, threatened to render the federal government powerless, to the " point of no return ," at which point Canada would no longer be a viable entity.

This may be noted that the concept of fiscal federalism is relevant for all kinds of government: unitary, federal and confederal.

The concept of fiscal federalism is not to be associated with fiscal decentralization in officially declared federations only ; it is applicable even to non-federal states ( having no formal federal constitutional arrangement ) in the sense that they encompass different levels of government which have defacto decision making authority.

This, however, does not mean that all forms of governments are ' fiscally ' federal, only that ' fiscal federalism ' is a set of principles that can be applied to all countries attempting ' fiscal decentralization '.

Second, there were those ( Moise Tshombe ) who favored near-Balkanization, a loose federalism having a central government of limited authority, with much power residing in the states.

Regarding institutional reforms, the party was a long-time supporter of presidentialism and a plurality voting system, and came to support also federalism and to fully accept the alliance with Lega Nord, although the relations with that party were tense at times, especially about issues regarding national unity.

It outlined Canada's system of government, which combines Britain's Westminster model of parliamentary government with division of sovereignty ( federalism ).

For this reason, Congress often seeks to exercise its powers by offering or encouraging States to implement national programs consistent with national minimum standards ; a system known as cooperative federalism.

These questions arise: ( a ) How federal and non-federal countries are different with respect to ' fiscal federalism ' or ' fiscal decentralization ' and ( b ): How fiscal federalism and fiscal decentralization are related ( similar or different )?

In common parlance political and constitutional aspects ( e. g. giving citizens or their elected representatives more power in political decision-making, establishment of subnational political entities for decision making and making them politically accountable to local electorate which often entails constitutional or statutory reforms like providing for representation of the member states, the strengthening of legislatures, creation of local political units along with the encouragement of effective public interest groups and pluralistic political parties ) are considered crucial for federalism.

While enthusiasm for multinational federalism in Europe incrementally led, over the following decades, to the formation of the European Union, the onset of the Cold War ( 1946 – 1991 ) eliminated the prospects of any progress towards federation with a more global scope.

The courts, when confronted with violations of Charter rights, have struck down unconstitutional federal and provincial statutes and regulations or parts of statutes and regulations, as they did when Canadian case law was primarily concerned with resolving issues of federalism.

With the Charter's supremacy confirmed by section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982, the courts continued their practice of striking down unconstitutional statutes or parts of statutes as they had with earlier case law regarding federalism.

A government may also raise questions of rights by submitting reference questions to higher-level courts ; for example, Prime Minister Paul Martin's government approached the Supreme Court with Charter questions as well as federalism concerns in the case Re Same-Sex Marriage ( 2004 ).

This has resulted in a system some have termed " de facto federalism with Chinese characteristics " ( in reference to Deng Xiaoping's policy of socialism with Chinese characteristics ).

Based on a broad definition of a basic federalism, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution.

Since federalism was not favoured by the African countries, he decided to form, along with Modibo Keita, the Mali Federation with former French Sudan ( present day Mali ).

Home rule is not, however, comparable with federalism.

This does not constitute any degree of federalism, which is consistent with Sweden's status as a unitary state.

The relationship between federalism and the Charter is directly dealt with in section 31, in which it is made clear neither the federal nor provincial governments gain powers under the Charter.

This stand was a product of moral conviction which coincided with the political realities of New England federalism.