Cost reduction over a ramp-up period of about 20 years is needed in order for PEM fuel cells to compete with current market technologies, including gasoline internal combustion engines.

Cost reduction has been a primary focus of the IT industry since the 1990s.

Cost control, overhead reduction and a focus on profits implemented by Sporck was the key element to National surviving the price war and subsequently in 1981 becoming the first semiconductor company to reach the US $ 1 billion annual sales mark.

* Cost reduction from sharing of:

* Cost reduction:

* Cost reduction.

Cost cutting, including wage reduction, brought things around.

* Cost reduction

Cost cutting measures included 20 % reduction in employees, 50 % reduction in locomotives, and 40 % reduction in wagons-this resulted in rail freight transport being reduced to under 100million tonnes per annum in the lead up to privatisation, a modal share of under 5 %.

* Cost and time reduction for corridor planning and collecting information for environmental assessment,

Stable measuring unit assumption: financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units or traditional Historical cost accounting only under the traditional Historical Cost paradigm ; i. e., accountants consider changes in the purchasing power of the functional currency up to but excluding 26 % per annum for three years in a row ( which would be 100 % cumulative inflation over three years or hyperinflation as defined in IAS 29 ) as immaterial or not sufficiently important for them to choose Capital Maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of a Daily Consumer Price Index or daily rate Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting at all levels of inflation and deflation as authorized in IFRS in the original Framework ( 1989 ), Par 104 ( a ) Conceptual Framework ( 2010 ), Par.

Accountants implementing the stable measuring unit assumption ( traditional Historical Cost Accounting ) during annual inflation of 25 % for 3 years in a row would erode 100 % of the real value of all constant real value non-monetary items not maintained constant under the Historical Cost paradigm.

* An example of this would be an Expense and Cost Recovery System ( ECRS ) such as used by accountancies, consultancies and lawyers.

Finally, the underlying contracts would be subject to competition, and would also be subject to the requirements of the Cost Accounting Standards and the Federal Acquisition Regulation.

His second major article, The Problem of Social Cost ( 1960 ), argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs, people would bargain with one another to create the same allocation of resources, regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes.

Although the Cost of Knowledge movement was not mentioned, the statement indicated the hope that the move would " help create a less heated and more productive climate " for ongoing discussions with research funders.

Cost was cited as the major reason for the razing, as it would cost Kansas City $ 40 million per year until 2046 to operate it and another $ 20 million to upgrade it, along with the fact that no city has successfully maintained two large arenas.

Haldane ( 1957 The Cost of Natural Selection ) drew attention to the fact that in the process of the evolutionary substitution of one allele for another, at any intensity of selection and no matter how slight the importance of the locus, a substantial number of individuals would usually be lost because they did not already possess the new allele.

Cost estimates showed that extending the runways, adding pilework under them and strengthening them in other ways would be too expensive.

Cost was projected to be $ 133 million, to be funded through bonds that would be repaid through a system of tolls.

The documentary Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price, shows one successful unionization of a Walmart store in Jonquière, Quebec ( Canada ) in 2004, but Walmart closed the store five months later because the company did not approve of the new " business plan " a union would require.

Cost was also an issue, as these games were often very expensive to produce: Ground Zero: Texas cost Sega around US $ 3 million, about the same as a low-budget movie would cost in 1994.

Its new name is Click by Mexicana and it is an attempt to create a Mexican low-cost carrier, starting operations in July 2005. in 2008, with mexicanas restructuration Click, was announced that it would stop being a Low Cost airline, and change its name to MexicanaClick operating as a regional feeder, for domestic destinations in Mexico.

In other words, the eCPA tells the advertiser what they would have paid if they had purchased the advertising inventory on a Cost Per Action basis ( instead of a Cost Per Click, Cost Per Impression, or Cost Per Mille / Thousand basis ).

The data of which would be based on risk discussion workshops to identify potential issues and risks ahead of time before these were to pose cost and / or schedule negative impacts ( see the article on Cost contingency for a discussion of the estimation of cost impacts ).

As part of a restructuring of Mexicana in 2008, it was announced that Click would stop service as a separate Low Cost airline and begin serving domestic destinations in Mexico as a regional feeder under the name MexicanaClick.

As an example, Part 30 ( which references Cost Accounting Standards ) allows for small businesses to be exempt from those requirements ; if the bidder can demonstrate that it meets the small business criteria, Part 30 would then not apply.

Nevertheless, because the Cost Section has felt impelled to make some kind of a distribution of total costs, it has apportioned this residue, which it sometimes calls `` burden '', among the units of carload traffic on a basis ( partly ton, partly ton-mile ) which is concededly quite arbitrary from the standpoint of cost determination.

On 23 July 2008 the Central Rail Corridor Board ( a joint group of local councils and stakeholders ) commissioned study by Network Rail reported that there was not an economic case for reopening, citing a £ 141 million cost and a low " Benefit To Cost ratio " of 0. 64 to 0. 79 when a BCR of 1. 5 is the minimum needed to make a scheme viable.

Billings is the author of two books on hydrogen energy technology, Hydrogen from Coal: A Cost Estimation Guidebook ( 1983 ) and Hydrogen World View ( 1991 ), and the co-author of a technical networking book, WideBand Networking ( 2000 ).

The 1571 built into the European plastic-case C128 D computer is electronically identical to the stand-alone version, but 1571 version integrated into the later metal-case C128 D ( often called C128 DCR, for D Cost Reduced ) differs a lot from the stand-alone 1571.

According to Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, Dublin is the 13th most expensive city in the European Union ( down from 10th in 2010 ) and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world ( down from 42nd in 2010 ).

** Non-statutory qualifications: Chartered Cost Accountant CCA Designation from AAFM

* Cost and freight ( C & F, CFR, CNF ): Insurance is payable by the importer, and the exporter pays all expenses incurred in transporting the cargo from its place of origin to the port / airport and ocean freight / air freight to the port / airport of destination.

* Cost of service: from the community for the community

* the resource can be reliably measured – otherwise the stable measuring unit assumption is applied under the Historical Cost Accounting model: i. e. it is assumed that the monetary unit of account ( the functional currency ) is perfectly stable ( zero inflation or deflation ); it is simply assumed that there is no inflation or deflation ever, and items are stated at their original nominal Historical Cost from any prior date: 1 month, 1 year, 10 or 100 or 200 or more years before ; i. e. the stable measuring unit assumption is applied to items such as issued share capital, retained earnings, capital reserves, all other items in shareholders ´ equity, all items in the Statement of Comprehensive Income ( except salaries, wages, rentals, etc., which are inflation-adjusted annually ), etc.

For Andrews, to be paid " justly " was to be paid according to the " Cost Principle ," which held that individuals should be paid according to the amount of labor they exert rather than according to the benefit that another receives from that labor ( the latter being called the " Value Principle ").

Williamson argues in The Mechanisms of Governance ( 1996 ) that Transaction Cost Economics ( TCE ) differs from neoclassical microeconomics in the following six points:

* Cost of inputs: fertilizer and other agrichemicals can fluctuate dramatically from season to season, partially based on oil prices, a range of 25 % to 200 % is common over a few year period.

Cost to the user is one factor preventing many US women from using more effective contraceptives.

Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor was able to identify change orders or changes in the project resulting in large increases in cost, which are not subject to competition by other firm as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.

Cost effectiveness patient costs dropped from an average of $ 141 per month to $ 82 per month, a 40 % saving.

* A novel by David Drake, Counting the Cost ( 1987 ; from his Hammer's Slammers series ), is a fairly straightforward retelling of the riots.

The institute changed its name from ICWA to the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants ( ICMA ) in 1972 and subsequently to the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants ( CIMA ) in 1986, after the granting of a Royal Charter.

* Accountancy qualifications: Chartered Management Accountant ( CIMA ), Cost and Management Accountants ( CMA ), Chartered Certified Accountant ( ACCA ), Chartered Accountant ( CA ), Certified Public Accountant ( CPA ), Certified Practicing Accountant ( CPA ), Certified Management Accountant ( CMA ) Chartered Cost Accountant CCA Designation from AAFM

* The Machinery of Democracy: Voting System Security, Accessibility, Usability, and Cost from Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law

In 1961, Ronald Coase and Guido Calabresi independently from each other published two groundbreaking articles: " The Problem of Social Cost " and " Some Thoughts on Risk Distribution and the Law of Torts ".

Smaller stores to its left were demolished to become Cost Plus World Market, and the same was done to its right for a new Basset Furniture, and a Thomasville Furniture store ( which moved from Town Center Oaks ).

The Average Fixed Cost curve ( AFC ) starts from a height and goes on declining continuously as production increases.

The Average Variable Cost curve, Average Cost curve and the Marginal Cost curve start from a height, reach the minimum points, then rise sharply and continuously.