Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on the other hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.

In Northern Ireland the Criminal Justice Act 2003, effective 18 April 2005, makes certain " qualifying offence " ( including murder, rape, kidnapping, specified sexual acts with young children, specified drug offences, defined acts of terrorism, as well as in certain cases attempts or conspiracies to commit the foregoing ) subject to retrial after acquittal ( including acquittals obtained before passage of the Act ) if there is a finding by the Court of Appeals that there is " new and compelling evidence.

The Office of Criminal Investigations was established in 1991 to investigate criminal cases.

The insanity plea is used in the U. S Criminal Justice System in less than 1 % of all criminal cases.

In the Republic of Ireland, a common law jurisdiction, jury trials are available for criminal before the Circuit Court, Central Criminal Court and defamation cases, consisting of twelve jurors.

This became the Criminal Justice Act 2003, which sought to remove the right to trial by jury for cases involving jury tampering or complex fraud.

Both cases about Ağca were merged and tried before the Kadıköy 1st High Criminal Court.

In an attempt to address those criticisms, the statute of the recently established International Criminal Court provides for a system in which crimes and penalties are expressly set out in written law, that shall only be applied to future cases.

Plea bargaining was introduced in India by Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act, 2005, which amended the Code of Criminal Procedure and introduced a new chapter XXI ( A ) in the code, enforceable from January 11, 2006, which affects cases in which the maximum punishment is imprisonment for 7 years ; however, offenses affecting the socio-economic condition of the country and offenses committed against a woman or a child below 14 are excluded.

The Gendarmerie may call upon the assistance of the Municipal Police in cases of major crime or national security, and ( following revised regulations for both corps introduced by the Government of San Marino in 2008 ) may also call upon soldiers and border guards of the Fortress Guards Corps, in their secondary role as ' Criminal Police Officers '.

The punishment derives from § 86a of the German Criminal Code and can be up to three years of prison or a fine ( in minor cases ).

Criminal cases tend to be brought by the state, although private prosecutions are possible.

An interim report of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities ( 1993 ) says: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia has put on trial, and in some cases has convicted, a number of politicians and military commanders indicted for forced deportations in that region.

In federal criminal cases, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Rule 15 governs the taking of depositions.

The International Criminal Court ( ICC ) was organized by the Rome Statute and the UN has delegated several crimes against humanity cases to the ICC.

* The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ( the status and judgments of all cases before the ICTR are available here )

Criminal cases are limited to adults charged with misdemeanor and / or gross misdemeanor offenses.

Criminal prosecutions of faro were involved in the Supreme Court cases of United States v. Simms, 5 U. S. ( 1 Cranch ) 252 ( 1803 ), and Ex parte Milburn, 34 U. S. ( 9 Pet.

The Quarantia Criminal was set up in the 15th century and dealt with cases of criminal law.

Category: Criminal cases in the Marshall Court

Category: Criminal cases in the Chase Court

In the vast majority of cases where the police already hold someone in custody, searches of premises can be made without a search warrant under Section 18 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act ( PACE ), which requires only the authority of a Police Inspector.

`` Actually, the abuse of the process may have constituted a contempt of the Criminal court of Cook county, altho vindication of the authority of that court is not the function of this court '', said Karns, who is a City judge in East St. Louis sitting in Cook County court.

Some jurisdictions allow force to be used in defense of property, to prevent damage either in its own right, or under one or both of the preceding classes of defense in that a threat or attempt to damage property might be considered a crime ( in English law, under s5 Criminal Damage Act 1971 it may be argued that the defendant has a lawful excuse to damaging property during the defense and a defense under s3 Criminal Law Act 1967 ) subject to the need to deter vigilantes and excessive self-help.

In his 1972 book American Criminal Justice, Jonathan D. Caplan comments on the Supreme Court decision, noting, " The Alford decision recognizes the plea-bargaining system, acknowledging that a man may maintain his innocence but still plead guilty in order to minimize his potential loss.

Blockburger is the default rule, unless it legislatively intends to depart ; for example, Continuing Criminal Enterprise ( CCE ) may be punished separately from its predicates, as can conspiracy.

For certain terrorist and organised crime offences the Director of Public Prosecutions may issue a certificate that the accused be tried by the Special Criminal Court composed of three judges instead of a jury, one from the District Court, Circuit Court and High Court.

Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial, he may waive his right to have a jury, but both the government ( prosecution ) and court must consent to the waiver.

Per Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23 ( a ), only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant waive a jury trial.

In June 2007, the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission decided that there may have been a miscarriage of justice and referred Megrahi's case back to Court of Criminal Appeal in Edinburgh for a second appeal.

Detectives may be called Investigations Police, Judiciary / Judicial Police, and Criminal Police.

Although the RICO laws may cover drug trafficking crimes in addition to other more traditional RICO predicate acts such as extortion, blackmail, and racketeering, large-scale and organized drug networks are now commonly prosecuted under the Continuing Criminal Enterprise Statute, also known as the " Kingpin Statute ".

A president citing the authorization as just cause could be prosecuted in the International Criminal Court for war crimes, and it is the duty of congress to impeach the offending president regardless of any agreements that may have been made.

Criminal gangs may function both inside and outside of prison, such as the Nuestra Familia, Mexican Mafia, Folk Nation, and the Brazilian PCC.

Criminal prosecutions may only be handled by the U. S. Department of Justice, but the Federal Trade Commission also has jurisdiction for civil antitrust violations.

For example Carla Del Ponte, the chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of depleted uranium projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the effect of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there may be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violate general principles of the law applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict.

Since Constables are Constitutional peace officers they are exempt from attending the mandatory Department of Criminal Justice Training academy, although they may choose to do so.

In stark contrast to the United States and many other jurisdictions granting a constitutional right to bail, in Canada the accused may even be denied bail because the public confidence in the administration of justice may be disturbed by letting the individual, still legally innocent, go free pending the completion of the trial or passing of sentence ( Criminal Code, s. 515 ( 10 )( c )).

It may even be true that in some limited circumstances the private decision of a jury to refuse to apply the law will constitute, in the words of a Law Reform Commission of Canada working paper, " the citizen's ultimate protection against oppressive laws and the oppressive enforcement of the law " ( Law Reform Commission of Canada, Working Paper 27, The Jury in Criminal Trials ( 1980 )).

The king may grant clemency in accordance with the law, however the king may not authorize a general pardon of government ministers who have been found criminally liable or guilty of treason by the Criminal Article of the Supreme Court, according to Articles 62 and 102.

When Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir was indicted by the International Criminal Court in March 2009, Graham argued in an op-ed in The New York Times that Bashir should not be indicted for alleged genocidal acts because the indictment would lead to the collapse of the 2005 peace agreement.

* Kathryn Erbe ( born 1966 ), American actress best known for her lead role as Detective Eames on Law & Order: Criminal Intent

Criminal proceedings to this end have begun in Spain: in a move that could lead to an extradition request, Judge Baltasar Garzón in March 2009 referred a case against Yoo to the chief prosecutor.

It is speculated that this will lead to the formation of " career paths " for FBI Special Agents ; meaning that once a new agent has completed Special Agent Training at FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, and has completed the mandatory probationary period, that he or she will choose to go into the National Security Branch, or go into the " Criminal " part of the Bureau and focus on crimes such as organized crime, narcotics, civil rights violations, fraud, and violent crime.

Criminal liability may arise if the specific terms of the Act itself are not conformed to, whereas failure to conform to the codes of practice while searching, arresting, detaining or interviewing a suspect may lead to evidence obtained during the process becoming inadmissible in court.