Critics also see parallels between sociobiology and biological determinism as a philosophy underlying the social Darwinian and eugenics movements of the early 20th century, and controversies in the history of intelligence testing.

Critics of the movement, however, point to various discrepancies that result from current state standardized testing practices, including problems with test validity and reliability and false correlations ( see Simpson's paradox ).

Critics claim that standardized testing match the values, habits, and language of the test makers.

Critics argue that the increased complexity of designing two separate stages that must interact, the logistics involved in returning the first stage to the launch site, and the difficulties of conducting incremental testing on a second stage will outweigh these benefits.

Critics of clicktivism state that this new phenomenon turns social movements to resemble advertising campaigns in which messages are tested, clickthrough rate is recorded, and A / B testing is often done.

Critics of academic elitism argue that highly-educated people tend to form an isolated social group whose views tend to be overrepresented amongst journalists, professors, and other members of the intelligentsia who often draw their salary and funding from taxpayers.

Critics of corporate-led globalization have expressed concern about the methodology used in arriving at the World Bank's statistics and argue that more detailed variables measuring poverty should be studied.

Critics of the SAP argue in favor of a weak anthropic principle ( WAP ) similar to the one defined by Brandon Carter, which states that the universe's ostensible fine tuning is the result of selection bias: i. e., only in a universe capable of eventually supporting life will there be living beings capable of observing any such fine tuning, while a universe less compatible with life will go unbeheld.

Critics in Chile, however, argue that poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published.

Critics argue that there are some phenomena which are better captured by symbolic models, and that connectionist models are often so complex as to have little explanatory power.

Critics of Searle argue that he is holding the Chinese room to a higher standard than we would hold an ordinary person.

Critics argue that content-filtering software allows private companies to censor as they please.

Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages, and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production ( in a market economy, a free price system is intended to serve this purpose ).

Critics, such as psychiatrist Niall McLaren, argue that the DSM lacks validity because it has no relation to an agreed scientific model of mental disorder and therefore the decisions taken about its categories ( or even the question of categories versus dimensions ) were not scientific ones ; and that it lacks reliability partly because different diagnoses share many criteria, and what appear to be different criteria are often just rewordings of the same idea, meaning that the decision to allocate one diagnosis or another to a patient is to some extent a matter of personal prejudice.

Critics argue that the Mondragon Corporation is not truly distributist because it denies both the importance of the family ownership of the means of production, and localism.

Critics of foundationalism often argue that for a belief to be justified it must be supported by other beliefs ; in Donald Davidson's phrase, " only a belief can be a reason for another belief ".

Critics argue that the Charter presents the history of German people as starting from the expulsions, while ignoring events like Holocaust: professor Micha Brumlik pointed out that one third of signatories were former devoted Nazis and many actively helped in realisation of Hitler's goals ; Ralph Giordano wrote in Hamburger Abendblatt " the Charter doesn't contain a word about Hitler, Auschwitz and Buchenwald.

Critics argue that average students learning in isolation perform significantly lower than those learning with collaboration and mediation.

Critics, however, argue that their research was flawed.

Critics argue that MNT advocates have not provided a substitute for such a process of evolution in this nanoscale arena where conventional sensory-based selection processes are lacking.

Critics argue that to postulate a practically infinite number of unobservable universes just to explain our own seems contrary to Occam's razor.

Critics argue that this would lower the threshold for use of nuclear weapons.

Critics argue that farmers lawfully use large quantities of the fertilizer, and as of 2009, only Nevada and South Carolina require identification from purchasers.

Critics of this view argue that Oxford nor any other writer is not here identified as a concealed writer, but as the first in a list of known modern writers whose works have already been " made public ", " of which number is first " Oxford, adding to the publicly acknowledged literary tradition dating back to Geoffrey Chaucer.

Critics argue that it is false either because it is an over-simplified interpretation of behaviour or that there exists empirical evidence of altruistic behaviour.

Critics argue that about half the aid was a gift from the American taxpayer to American businesses, as $ 400 million consisted of incentives for U. S. business to export products to Panama, $ 150 million was to pay off bank loans and $ 65 million went to private sector loans and guarantees to U. S. investors.

Critics argue that conceptualist approaches only answer the psychological question of universals.

Critics argue that the absolute majority obtained by the winner of runoff voting is an artificial one.

Critics of racial profiling argue that the individual rights of a suspect are violated if race is used as a factor in that suspicion.

* Critics of sedevacantism argue that this also means that the theory advanced by the seventeenth-century theologian and Doctor of the Church Robert Bellarmine that a pope who fell into heresy would automatically forfeit his office and could be formally deposed has been overruled by Church authority by Benedict XIV in " De Synodo Dioecesano " ( 10, 1, 5 ) and by the 1917 Code of Canon Law, Can.

Critics of Marx have leveled the charge of historicism against his theory since its very genesis.

Critics in the early twentieth century reacted against what they saw as an excessive dependence on the study of character in criticism of the play.

Critics of mind control theories caution against the broader implications of these conversion models.

Critics argue that even in exploitation films in which the ratio of male and female deaths is roughly equal, the images that linger will be of the violence committed against the female characters.

Critics, such as Jacques Ellul and Timothy Mitchell advocate precautions against the premature embrace of new technologies, raising questions on responsibility and freedom brought by division of labour.

Critics contend that a government requiring or promoting this phrase violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

Critics such as Robert J. Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush of Harvard University see the application of the broken windows theory in policing as a war against the poor as opposed to a war against more serious crimes.

Critics, such as the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society ( TJHS ) Scholars Commission ( 2001 ), have argued against the TJF report and reached different conclusions about the DNA tests.

Critics of the mayor point to Young's relationship with President Carter and it has been suggested that Carter discouraged the Justice Department from aggressively pursuing any indictments against Young.

Critics of both are concerned that these large businesses will leverage their economic and political power to defeat attempts to regulate or restrain the spread of genetic engineering in agriculture, or leverage intellectual property rights in GMOs to unfair advantage over their competitors, against the interests of users and consumers of their products, and to the detriment of the environment.

Critics argue that it discriminates unnecessarily against the young and decreases job security.

Critics allege there is systematic abuse of the act against protesters.

Critics accused Jagland of attacking the Red-Green Cabinet as revenge against Stoltenberg for forcing Jagland to resign as Labour Party leader in 2002.

Critics point out that Scargill's policy of letting each region decide seemed inconsistent with the threatened expulsion of the Nottinghamshire branch after 20, 000 out of 27, 000 miners in the county voted against the strike.

Critics and opponents of integralism argue that the movement can be associated with fascism ( especially in Latin America ), although there exist deep points of disagreement: integralism stresses trade unionism and localism while fascism defends a centralist state ; the traditionalist and Catholic foundation of integralist ideas against the often secular and anti-clerical, and modernist philosophical basis of fascism.

Critics of the CPA argue that these policies were not only rather blatant attempts to shape Iraq's economy in the interests of American ( and other ) investors and against the interests of Iraqis themselves, but also that they were illegal under international law, because an occupying power is prohibited from rewriting the laws of the occupied country.

Critics and activists currently often apply the term civil society to the domain of social life which needs to be protected against globalization, and to the sources of resistance thereto, because it is seen as acting beyond boundaries and across different territories.

Critics have varied in their interpretation of the first two lines ; one calls them a " perfunctory gesture ... swallowed up by the poem's powerfully dark picture ", while another sees in them " a stand against a world of broken faith ".

Critics feel that when the President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee K. Kamaraj and a majority of the provincial leaders turned against him in the 1940s, Rajaji clung on to a position of influence in regional politics through support from his colleagues at the centre.

Critics of the amalgamation have claimed that the election demonstrated strong voter backlash against the State Government for pressing the issue.

Critics have long charged that Faubus ' fight in Little Rock against the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision by the U. S. Supreme Court that separate schools were inherently unequal was politically motivated.

Critics complained that he mismanaged the failed impeachment effort in December of the same year against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Critics from religious parties such as Shas and Agudat Israel scorned the NRP for having been in the governing coalition with an ultra-secular party like Shinui ( which was often described as " anti-religious ") and for not doing enough to keep the Jewish character of Israel ; in one example, the party displayed little, if any, resistance or dismay, against former Internal Minister Avraham Poraz's decision not to enforce the prohibition of selling bread during Passover ( when eating bread is a prohibition of Chametz according to Orthodox Judaism ).