Critics like Ken Binmore say that this cognitive dissonance is apparently not very strong, since people often knowingly ignore the interests of faraway societies quite similar to their own, and that the " ought " above only applies if one already accepts Singer's basic premises about the equality of various interests.

Critics of Kahneman and Tversky such as Gerd Gigerenzer argue that heuristics should not lead us to conceive of human thinking as riddled with irrational cognitive biases, but rather to conceive rationality as an adaptive tool that is not identical to the rules of formal logic or the probability calculus.

Critics of cognitive linguistics have argued that most of the evidence from the cognitive view comes from the research in pragmatics and semantics on research into metaphor and preposition choice.

Critics of neoliberalism, at times, claim that it is the newly predominant form of imperialism.

Critics of these versions, such as Taoism scholar Eugene Eoyang, claim that translators like Stephen Mitchell produce readings of the Tao Te Ching that deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of Chinese thought.

Critics claim the vocabulary and style of the Pauline letters could not have been written by Paul according to available biographical information and reflect the views of the emerging Church rather than the apostle's.

Critics may dispute the positive interpretation of results obtained in scientific studies of ESP, as they claim they are difficult to reproduce reliably, and are small in effect.

Critics have claimed that the Nazis ' claim of scientific reasons behind their promotion of racism and hostility to homosexuals is pseudoscience.

Critics dispute the claim that in practice free markets create perfect competition, or even increase market competition over the long run.

Critics of Moore's arguments sometimes claim that he is appealing to general puzzles concerning analysis ( cf.

Critics of hypertext claim that it inhibits the old, linear, reader experience by creating several different tracks to read on, and that this in turn contributes to a postmodernist fragmentation of worlds.

Critics claim that, in political contexts, labeling certain opinions and statements " hate speech " can be used to silence unfavorable or critical opinions and play down debate.

Critics claim that existing tests do not adequately measure student mastery of the stated objectives.

Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.

Critics claim that the terms " instantiation " and " copy " are not further defined and that participation and inherence are similarly mysterious and unenlightening.

Critics claim that in elastic, price-sensitive markets, price increases cause some consumers to seek substitutes for that product.

Critics tended to claim the film was either sensationalizing nuclear war or that it was too tame.

Critics of the Seventeenth Amendment claim that by altering the way senators are elected, the states lost any representation they had in the federal government and that this led to the gradual " slide into ignominy " of state legislatures, as well as an overextension of federal power and the rise of special interest groups to fill the power vacuum previously occupied by state legislatures.

Critics use these statistics to support the original claim that originally it was not a merger of equals, that it was a takeover of UMIST by Manchester University and that this was not in UMIST's best interests.

Critics claim the World Food Programme to be harmful to the aided countries.

Critics have described this as " Saudi vandalism " and claim that in Medina and Mecca over the last 50 years 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost.

Critics of inclusive language claim that inclusive language can provide incorrect translations in various instances.

Critics, such as Emmanuel Levinas and Karl Löwith, claim that Heidegger's support for National Socialism revealed flaws inherent in his thought.

Critics claim that these theories, when used as an explanation for fine-tuning, commit the inverse gambler's fallacy.

Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names.

Critics, and those associated with the Anti-Globalization Movement, claim that the model has been unevenly applied to favor multinational corporations over local producers & retailers, and has led to a model of global domination along the north-south divide, characterized by a rich core and an impoverished periphery.

Critics claim that if the measures proposed by the US were implemented and applied this would prevent scientific research in Latin America, causing as a consequence more inequalities and technological dependence from the developed countries.

Critics of the effort claim that it creates hardship primarily for the coca growers, many of whom are poor and have no viable alternative way to make a living, causes environmental problems, that it is not effective in reducing the supply of cocaine, in part because cultivation can move to other areas, and that any social harm created by drug abuse is only made worse by the war on drugs.

Critics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Karl von Baer and Wilhelm His, did not believe that living embryos reproduce the evolutionary process and produced embryo drawings of their own which emphasized the differences in early embryological development.

Critics generally agree that although authoritarianism in Malaysia preceded the administration of Mahathir bin Mohamad, it was he who " carried the process forward substantially "

Critics argue that MNT advocates have not provided a substitute for such a process of evolution in this nanoscale arena where conventional sensory-based selection processes are lacking.

Critics contend the cameras violate drivers ' due process rights and two separate lawsuits have been filed over their use, one in Aventura filed in February, and one in Temple Terrace near Tampa, filed at the end of July.

Critics argue that the ultimate goal of corporate farming is to vertically integrate the entire process of food production, up to the point of the distribution and sale of food to consumers.

Critics of Robert ’ s Rules believe that the process can involve adversarial debate and the formation of competing factions.

Critics of top-down decision making believe the process fosters incidence of either complacency or rebellion among disempowered group members.

Critics question whether the promoters of truly ' open ' and mandatory improvement licensing, having spent most of their lives opposed to software patents, can actually attract donors of patents, or would actually participate in a process that they claim to despise.

Critics question whether such a process can be as objective as computer scoring, and the degree to which such scoring methods can result in different scores from different scorers.

Critics of the political process theory and resource-mobilization theory point out that neither theory discusses movement culture to any great degree.

Critics have tended to emphasize different aspects of the process.

Critics argue the need for extra ballots in any language can be mitigated by providing a process to print ballots at voting locations.

Indicative of the reader-response school of theory, Terence Hawkes writes that the fundamental close reading technique is based on the assumption that “ the subject and the object of study — the reader and the text — are stable and independent forms, rather than products of the unconscious process of signification ," an assumption which he identifies as the " ideology of liberal humanism ,” which is attributed to the New Critics who are “ accused of attempting to disguise the interests at work in their critical processes .” For Hawkes, ideally, a critic ought to be considered to “ the finished work by his reading of it, and to remain simply an inert consumer of a ‘ ready-made ’ product .”

Critics also state that the bill contains some elements that complicate the voter registration process.

Critics contend that it costs the country millions of dollars just to process the same basic registration form and confirm that they meet the HAVA requirements.

Critics such as Vance Packard claim the process wastes and exploits customers.

Critics of substantive due process claim that the doctrine began, at the federal level, with the infamous 1857 slavery case of Dred Scott v. Sandford.

Critics argue that judges are making determinations of policy and morality that properly belong with legislators ( i. e. " legislating from the bench "), or argue that judges are reading views into the Constitution that are not really implied by the document, or argue that judges are claiming power to expand the liberty of some people at the expense of other people's liberty ( e. g., as in the Dred Scott case ), or argue that judges are addressing substance instead of process.

Critics of substantive due process often claim that the doctrine began, at the federal level, with the infamous 1857 slavery case of Dred Scott v. Sandford.

Critics argue that judges are making determinations of policy and morality that properly belong with legislators ( i. e. " legislating from the bench "), or argue that judges are reading views into the Constitution that are not really implied by the document, or argue that judges are claiming power to expand the liberty of some people at the expense of other people's liberty ( e. g. as in the Dred Scott case ), or argue that judges are addressing substance instead of process.

Critics of privatisation have pointed out that passenger numbers started rising 18 months before the privatisation process began, as the economy started recovering from the recession of the early 1990s ..

Critics of free market economy have used the term to denote what they perceive as a misguided belief, or deliberate deception, that free markets provide the greatest possible equity and prosperity, and that any interference with the market process decreases social well being.

Critics have charged that the entire process has been compromised by chemical company interference.

Critics are also fond of calling certain complete games technology demos, due to the emphasis of the designers solely on the game's technology, severely lacking content in the process.

Critics have accused the CIA of rendering suspects to other countries in order to avoid US laws mandating due process and prohibiting torture, even though many of those countries have, like the US, signed or ratified the United Nations Convention Against Torture.